Molluscs and Natural Selection free essay sample

The process of natural selection is one of the most cited reasons for the evolution of a species, and it was made famous by Charles Darwin’s famous observations of finches in the Galapagos Islands. It is believed to work by way of random mutations; random mutations occur, as it indicates, randomly and spontaneously in a population for a multitude of genetic reasons. Mutations help to create variation of different traits within a species, and they can be expressed with different phenotypes. In times where a mutation has no negative effect on the individual organism, this trait could be advantageous in a new habitat or predatory situation, etc. With an advantage in survival, and thus reproduction, these organisms are often selected for over other members of the species, creating a change in variation of a species over generations. Molluscs, although a very large and diverse group of animals, often share certain features: a mantle, radula, shell, and foot. We will write a custom essay sample on Molluscs and Natural Selection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The mantle is a thin and fleshy layer which secretes the hard shell of a mollusc. The radula is a grate-like structure in the mouth used to scrape surfaces and drill holes. The foot is a muscle which assists in locomotion and movement of the molluscs. It is hypothesized that all current-day molluscs share a common ancestor, called the hypothetical ancestral mollusc or HAM, because of the similar characteristics and body plans that have been modified in diverse ways over time to adapt to different environments. Two members of the mollusc family include the clam, of the class bivalvia, and the squid, of the class cephalopoda, and these are an example of variation from the HAM that helped them adapt for their particular environment, feeding behavior, and movement (Sigwart, 2007). The squid species has undergone many adaptations. The squid’s radula resembles a beak-like structure that it uses to devour its food, very different from the chiton-like HAM which probably had a small radula. Over time, the radula’s shape has been mutated and then selected for as the squid changed its eating habits – if it provided quicker eating time, then it would be selected for. The squid lacks an outer shell (it’s internalized), so the mantle of the squid has also been modified into muscular â€Å"flaps† that it uses to propel itself quickly through the water, nd thus capture prey or avoid predators, a necessary function due to the squid’s lack of a hard protective barrier (Sigwart, 2007) A large shell would be unnecessary for the squid since it can propel quickly away from predators, and may even hinder its ability to swim; this would lead one to believe that the squid developed a muscular mantle from HAM and then a mutation for loss of the shell was selected for following the muscular body. Also, the foot of the squid has adapted from the single foot of the HAM to become tentacles and arms, used to quickly capture and bring prey closer to its beak-like radula to eat, which is buried behind its many arms. This modified version of its foot is an extremely effective feeding method that, coupled with the squid’s speed, enables it to catch and hold prey that otherwise might be able to escape (Sutton, 2007). The clam is a sedentary mollusc that uses its foot to burrow into the sand. The clam is a filter feeder, straining food particles from the water. The clam doesn’t have a radula, probably the result of a random mutation that caused some clam ancestors to lack the structure, or it may have been modified into another structure that aided in the filter feeding process. The filter feeding process is environmentally selected for because it enables the animal to take in food particles while buried under the sand. The mantle of the clam is found inside of its hard, hinged shell. The strong shell of the clam was environmentally selected for since it prevents predators from easily eating the clam, allows it to bury safely into the sand without affecting its internal organs, and improves the clams ability to survive and reproduce. The foot of the clam has adapted so that the species can dig into the sand with this muscle which can be moved out of the shell, a very different type of foot than the HAM’s muscular, positioned foot which allows for scavenging (Sutton, 2007). The HAM, very similar to the chiton, served as a good base model for this very diverse phylum of animals. Lots of spontaneous and random mutations must have occurred for such diversity – to have sedentary, burrowing animals and predatory, jet-propelling animals in the same phylum of animals is quite a feat.

Geophagy (Eating Dirt) - A Traditional Practice

Geophagy (Eating Dirt) - A Traditional Practice People around the world eat clay, dirt or other pieces of the lithosphere for a variety of reasons. Commonly, it is a traditional cultural activity which takes place during pregnancy, religious ceremonies, or as a remedy for disease. Most people who eat dirt live in Central Africa and the Southern United States. While it is a cultural practice, it also fills a physiological need for nutrients. African Geophagy In Africa, pregnant and lactating women are able to satisfy the very different nutritional needs of their bodies by eating clay. Often, the clay comes from favored clay pits and it is sold at market in a variety of sizes and with differing content of minerals. After purchase, the clays are stored in a belt-like cloth around the waist and eaten as desired and often without water. The cravings in pregnancy for a varied nutritional intake (during pregnancy, the body requires 20% more nutrients and 50% more during lactation) are solved by geophagy. The clay commonly ingested in Africa contains important nutrients such as  phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, manganese, and iron. Spread to the U.S. The tradition of geophagy spread from Africa to the United States with slavery. A 1942 survey in Mississippi showed that at least 25 percent of the schoolchildren habitually ate earth. Adults, although not systematically surveyed, also consumed earth. A number of reasons were given: earth is good for you; it helps pregnant women; it tastes good; it is sour like a lemon; it tastes better if smoked in the chimney, and so on.* Unfortunately, many African-Americans who practice geophagy (or quasi-geophagy) are eating unhealthy material such as laundry starch, ashes, chalk and lead-paint chips because of psychological need. These materials have no nutritional benefits and can lead to intestinal problems and disease. The eating of inappropriate objects and material is known as pica. There are good sites for nutritional clay in the southern United States and sometimes family and friends will send care packages of good earth to expectant mothers in the north. Other Americans, such as the indigenous Pomo of Northern California used dirt in their diet they mixed it with ground acorn which neutralized the acid. * Hunter, John M. Geophagy in Africa and in the United States: A Culture-Nutrition Hypothesis. Geographical Review April 1973: 170-195. (Page 192)

Marketing Plan - Option Care Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Plan - Option Care Services - Essay Example Option Care Services is increasingly looking forward to provide high quality, professional and extremely caring services to its individual as well as its organizational clients, by providing them with highly trained and efficient caring staffs comprising of nurses, cleaners, care assistants and related or necessary support workers. Option Care Services is also looking forward to maintain a line of consistency in terms of quality and professionalism for the personnel provided to the individual or organizational clients. And finally, the organization is also targeting to be acknowledged as the best agency to provide quality healthcare personnel to their clients in the London region. Marketing Audit The marketing audit comprises of analyzing of various factors related to the external and internal environment for a business that comes into play when charting out the role of the various elements of the marketing mix. A typical marketing audit comprises of both the internal as well as the external audit (Perreault & McCarthy, 2006, p.549). External Audit The external audit can be performed by analyzing the business using the PEST analysis as well as an analysis of the competitive environment as well. PEST Analysis: Political Around the year 2008, the government of UK was providing extensive support for domiciliary services availed by the senior citizens of UK in order to retain their independency in their homes or surroundings. The senior citizens of UK, at that time, could avail the need of personal care and other related support activities, with sponsorship from the government or the local council. This led to huge increments in the governmental spending and led to huge public spending deficits. As a consequence of this cut, the local council came up with an effective measuring criterion on the basis of the sickness or the severity of needs in order to avail the services sponsored by the government. This has led to an increase in the personal spending amongst the m asses of UK to avail the personal care and support services on their own. Economical The macro economical factors also played its part in this particular service sector. Coupled with the global credit crunch, came the effect of slowdown in the factory outputs all over the globe, the triggering of fears for a double dip recession in certain part of the world and the extended phenomena and political drama related to the Euro zone crisis. This created a panic among the government policy makers in regards to their huge public spending. As a counter measure to these macro economic factors, the government responded by setting up cuts on its spending in the supporting the domiciliary needs of the people of the UK region. Social In response to the government’s measure to protect the country from possible economic crisis, cuts on the domiciliary needs of the masses, a social effect was triggered as well. As a matter of fact, more and more people are trying to avail the services for ca ring and support by paying from their own pockets. Technological Though the

Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Morality - Essay Example f Catholic moral thinking. Reason informed faith The Catholic Church worked to cease the dichotomy of rational morality and faith morality, otherwise understood as pure humanism and sectarianism (Gula, 1989, p. 1). For the believer, faith and reason can be integrated in its moral tradition to make Christian teachings more understandable for non-believers as well. This is also explicated in Humanae Vitae published in 1968 which pointed that natural law is further made significant by divine revelations as well as in the scriptural writings (Gula, 1989, p. 1). The latter upholds that the moral principles can be taught, using logical inferences of reason, from the perspective of faith (Gula, 1989, p. 32) The bishops have likewise applied this moral framework to resolve the issues on homosexuality which articulated the rational capacity of human beings to understand gender and sexuality; illumined by faith (Gula, 1989, p. 25). This theological position of the issues of morality is also ap plicable to the problems and issues of bioethics, scientific innovation, and other development which put the Christian teachings under social and moral dilemma. Notwithstanding the pressures, the church consistently stood for the dignity of creation and the need to respect human rights. As such, the Catholic Church maintained that such human dignity cannot only be understood separately by reason but by unquestioning faith with conviction that dignity is a gift of God given to any person, even if the same be interpreted using the laws of nature. As such, every person needs to possess an informed faith, illumined by reason, to understand the strategic goal of moral life and on how to behave well as a moral agent. Every Catholic believer must be imbued with wisdom about the role of being as a moral agent. And, as a faithful, must have a reference which served as the criteria for moral judgment (Gula, 1989, p. 9; Blair, 2010, p 1). Common issues with humanity Like other institutions on earth, the Catholic Church is also mocked and rocked with variegated issues (Hamilton, 2013, p. 1). There were instances when the church is being subject of corruption, sexuality, questionable financial relations with state agents, and other social issues such as their involvement in extractive industries, in corporate leveraging, and in amassing real estate properties at the expense of those property-less and those that are bereft of economic capacity to meet even the most fundamental need—food (Hamilton, 2013, p. 1). The resignation of previous Pope was even controversially tagged with varied issues on corruption and political machinations due to some alleged transactions done. There were many priests that were allegedly responsible on sexual relations, which violated the dignity of women;

Project appraisal through discounted and non-discounted cash flow Essay

Project appraisal through discounted and non-discounted cash flow techniques - Essay Example Positive and negative values makes it easy to understand generation of profits and losses as well as assists decision makers to focus only on the highly positive items, the precious time of management can be saved by focusing on the relevant project (Fortes, 2010; Horngren, 2005). Calculations are comparatively easy and data of any finite period can be easily converted into present value of it. Net present value analysis is derived from some basic realistic and practical assumption it is based on a fact that value of  £100 today will be more than the worth of  £100 after a year. Keeping this assumption in mind a net present value of future cash inflows is calculated using a discounted rate, usually the rate of cost of capital of a company or industry this rate represents the percentage minimum requirement of return by an organization per annum. Annuity factors can also be used if cash flows are constant every year. The Net Present Value (NPV) is a useful technique to determine profitability of any item being assessed, but has few limitations as well, it only focuses on factual data that can directly hit the profit generation capabilities of an item and financial aspects only while appraising projects and does not account for the non financial aspects, areas and issue associated to that project; whereas, there is a high probability of any decision/ project to get affected by numerous external or internal non-financial events.

Top down and control style management

Top down and control style management In the present economic world management Style can be defined as the style adapted to control or lead a business efficiently for the attainment of objectives set by the business. So the effective management style helps in maintaining the motivation of the employees and as a result enhances productivity. It is very important to look at the prominent management styles and how they function in the real world before we draw in to change process. A top-down/command and control style management can be defined as a style where the leader or small number of people takes all the decisions on their own and employees are told what to do and are closely controlled. The top management does not consult his subordinates or takes their opinion in consideration for decision making and dominates and controls the entire task. The person or persons who possess these personal qualities would be task oriented. In other way this can be described as a centralised way of governance. When the changes needed to be taken place involve high risks and the circumstances request quick and immediate decision making, this kind of management style proves to be the most effective. But it involves the use of power and fair amount of politics than the other management styles. As a result this causes demotivation as it implies the skills and ideas of others being ignored and it can also lead to the alienation of the staff. Typical characteristics of a centralised structure of decision making, or governance within an organisation would be an autocratic structure, because everyone is answerable to the leader or the top management. This brings advantages to the organisation in terms of focus and clarity of purpose; everyone is likely to know the companys goals and what is expected from them. Consistency is often a beneficial by-product, possibly because of lack of variety or maybe the attention to detail that becomes viable. The speed at which decisions can be made and passed down to the relevant persons is an obvious advantage. A high degree of flexibility is also associated with centralisation; the ability to change direction with the market is a valuable characteristic. However, it becomes clear that too much responsibility can be placed upon one person, usually the owner or manager. An autocratic nature usually has very little opinion, points of view or other valuable information passed up the hierarc hy; wholly undemocratic, emphasised by the lack of accountability and scrutiny. Centralised models of decision making tend to only work effectively in small organisations, most of the associated advantages are lost in large organisations, for example, it becomes much more difficult for employees to share one uniting aim or goal, speed of decision and information flow would undoubtedly be adversely affected in larger hierarchies etc, as would flexibility. Implementation of change in the organization will require the leader to weigh resistance to change at both the individual and organizational levels. Because change invariably threatens the status quo, it inherently implies political activity. The following chapter looks at different kinds of leadership qualities and how they managing the change process with in an organization. Leadership is cautiously defined as the process of influencing people and providing an environment for them to achieve team or organization objectives. (McShane, 2002). Effective leaders can help individuals or teams define their goals and identify ways to achieve them. Effective leaders also create conditions that enable others to realize their potential in the workplace. Leadership styles will influence the effectiveness of the change management process by recognizing and varying the style with the specific situation. The identification of when to give directions, times to empathize, times to use stretch goals, and times to involve subordinates in decision making will influence the effectiveness of the change management process under the guidance of specific leader. The Directive leadership style or task-oriented leadership is effective when clarification of performance goals, the means to reach the goals, and identification of the standards used to judge reaching the goals is need ed by the organization undergoing the change. The Supportive leadership style is effective when the need is for a leader that is understanding, approachable, friendly, and is able to guide the employees involved in organizational change through stressful situations while treating them with equal respect and showing concerns for their needs and well-being. The Participative leadership style is effective when employees undergoing change are motivated by involvement with the decisions beyond their normal work activities. The Achievement-oriented leadership style is effective when employees are motivated by encouragement to reach their peak performance and the leader shows a high degree of confidence in their ability to set and achieve change goals. Task structure, team dynamics, employee skill and experience, and locus of control are contingencies that will impact the effectiveness of the leaders impact on the change management process. (McShane, 2002). Over the following paragraphs I will be discussing two examples of participative change processes namely Appreciative Inquiry and Public Conversations Project and how they differ from the command-and-control styles of managing change. 1. Appreciative Inquiry In this process there will be ongoing discussion among the organization members at different levels and they will be actively participated on decision making. This type of process normally follows a problem solving method and involves identification of problem, analysis of causes, analysis of possible solutions and possible treatment. Appreciative inquiry takes off on this idea that how we think about, and talk about, our organizations influences how we work in them. Appreciative inquiry is based on the belief that if we conceive of organizations as problems to be solved, we end up in an endless cycle of problem definition and problem solution. This in turn saps energy for productive change since people end up feeling criticized or accused of having done something wrong. Appreciative inquiry removes organizational habits of distrust, animosity and blame, and replaces them with a willingness to learn, mutual respect, and cooperation. Appreciative inquiry sees organizations as miracles to be appreciated. If we see organizations in this way, we begin to understand what is working well and how this is coming about, and we can intentionally amplify those positive factors. This will create forward motion, positive energy and the possibility for lasting change. There are usually four steps of appreciative inquiry. a.  Appreciating what gives life (appreciating the best of what is) This phase is a quest to identify positive stories and spread them throughout the organization. The discovery phase shifts the attention from what isnt working to what is working and may possibly work in the future. In order to find out what is working, an appreciative interview is generally performed. This involves exploring a persons beginnings with an organization, what they value most about themselves, their work and the organization, and their hopes and dreams for the organizations future. b.  Imagining what might be (envisioning what might be) This phase is a time for groups of people to engage in thinking big, thinking outside the box, and thinking out of the boundaries of what has been in the past. It is a time for people to describe their wishes and dreams for their work, their working relationships, and their organization. This phase takes place in a large group meeting during which data and stories collected in the previous phase are shared. Wishes and dreams for the future of the organization are often acted out to dramatize the positive possibilities envisioned for the organization. c. Determining what will be (dialoguing what should be ) This phase provides an opportunity for large numbers of employees and stakeholders to come together to co-create their organization. This phase allow members to make important decisions on what steps or actions are required to make the dreams come true. d. Creating what will be (innovating what will be) This phase focuses on action planning at both the personal and organizational levels. During this phase, commitments are made to ensure that their dream will be realized. This takes huge commitment from individuals to comply with the action plans, small groups to work on collaboration efforts, and new teams that have been established for new projects. Since all these phases involve large number of employees and stakeholders, the likelihood that these action plans for changes will be accepted and implemented will be high. Appreciative inquiry engages the whole organization in discovering the best of what has been and dreaming about the best of what might be. Appreciative inquiry focuses on what is right and do more of it rather than the traditional approach that focus on what is wrong and do less of it. It focuses on what works and determining how to do more of what works. Positive learning and innovation comes from studying, adapting, and replicating what works. Also, appreciative inquiry is based on the past of all the employees and aims to involve all the employee and stakeholder for the future of the organization. This can only lead to positive attitudes about the organizations future and brings unity among all the members of the organization. Comparing to control command style of management this process takes much longer time to give the result and it is quite obvious as a successful participative change process. 2. Public Conversations Project This is another example of participative change process where the management can work with groups in conflict with in the organization. The main task is to facilitate and create dialogue sessions among the conflict groups or participants and allow addressing their own issues regarding the problematic relationship. Questions like, How did you get involved?, Whats the key issue?, Whats your grey area? Will be asked from both parties. The main objectives are to discuss the popular misconceptions of stereotypes, how to promote better relationships among people and the importance of diversity among people living/working together. The facilitators meet with participants prior to each dialogue, in a pre-meeting designed to exchange their hopes, concerns and experiences. A draft of ground rules being given to the participants intended to prepare them to deal with issues in a way that results in a dialogue rather than debate. Group discussions will be carried out with a facilitator guiding the whole process under his observation, to be start with a series of questions will put forward that each person must answer. The outcome of the dialogue generally will be participants sharing their reflections on the process and exploring implications and next steps. As a main feature of this participation change process members who participated are also asked to fill out evaluation forms and will be requested by the facilitator to participate in follow-up conversations. There will be minimal degree of control, power and command will be involved just to progress with the process. Every participant contributes them selves for the conversation and during the progress a pattern will be identified which will guide them to disclose the information more freely among the members. The facilitator must take action to make sure that every member of the group will be pace with the ongoing conversation so they will be heard. To facilitate change of the information or knowledge they can be asked to interrupt the pattern of conversation or conventions of the group and contribute them selves. Contributions are linked together to conversation will be continued as a joint action. Narrative therapy is another way of participative change process where it views problems as separate from people and assumes people have many values, skills, beliefs, competencies, commitments and abilities that will assist them to change their relationship with problems in their lives. This is a kind of a non-blaming, respectful approach to counselling and community work, which centres people as the experts in their own lives. The client plays an important roll to decide which direction they should take during the consultation, making it more similar to a person centred counselling session. Always maintaining a curiosity stance and willingness to ask questions to which we dont know the answers genuinely are the main features of this process.

The Guidance Counselor Essay -- essays papers

The Guidance Counselor INTRODUCTION According to the U. S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Outlook Handbook, Counselors are defined as persons who â€Å"assist people with personal, family, educational, mental health and career decisions and problems. Their duties depend on the individuals they serve and the settings in which they work† (169). Examples include Mental health counselors who help people cope with daily life issues such as marital, family, stress management, or addiction problems. These counselors primarily work in private office settings. Rehabilitation counselors help people deal with different aspects of their physical disabilities, these counselors generally work in medical facilities. Employment counselors assist individuals in making wise career choices and most of these counselors work in community agencies. Thus counseling is a diverse field that encompasses an array of situations and settings. This report will center on High School Guidance Counselors. The primary focus will be to discuss the educational requirements necessary to apply for jobs in the field, the needed skills and abilities desired from employers, and the main duties of the job. EDUCATIONAL REQUIREMENTS Requirements vary by state for specific types of degrees and or licenses and certifications that must be held by guidance counselors. Missouri Law requires that all High School Guidance Counselors have secondary counselor certification. Criteria for certification is listed below and was obtained from the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Individuals desiring to become guidance counselors must understand that acquiring certification requires an enormous amount of time, dedication, and education. Initial Certification The professional certificate is valid for five years from the effective date on the certificate and is issued to persons meeting the following criteria:  · A valid Missouri teaching certificate  · A minimum of two years classroom teaching experience  · A minimum of one year experience working in a field other than teaching or counseling  · Completion of a course in Education and/or Psychology of the exceptional child worth two or more semester hours  · Completion of a master’s degree with a major in guidance and counseling from a college or university meeting approval of the Missouri Department of Elementa... ...ctices. Bibliography: Works Cited â€Å"Certification Requirements for Secondary Counselor (Grades 9-12)†. Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. March 06, 1998 . (November 02, 1998). Chiles, Donna. School Guidance and Counseling. Pupil Personnel Services Recommended Practices and Procedures Manual. Springfield: Illinois State Board of Education, 1983. Ellis, Thomas I. The Missouri Comprehensive Guidance Model. Ann Arbor: ERIC Clearinghouse, 1990. Feller, Richard, & Daly, J. Counselor Role and Educational Change: Planning, Integration, and Basic Skills: Book 5 - Comprehensive School Counseling and Guidance Programs. Fort Collins: Colorado State University, 1992. King, Gloria. Personnel Director, St. Louis Public Schools. Telephone Interview. 27 October 1998. Thomas, Preston. Director of Student Services, Cardinal Ritter College Prepatory High School. Personal Interview. 4 November 1998. Thompson, Rosemary. School Counseling Renewal: Strategies for the Twenty-first Century. Muncie: Accelerated Development Inc., 1992. U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook, 1998-99 Edition. Indianapolis: JIST Works, Inc., 1998.

Managing Employee Retention Essay

Data Quality: It is important to make sure the data you use is valid. An outlier data point can dramatically reduce the fit of a model, so it is critical that bad data points be moved. In the case of the Store24 data, we will assume that all managers have some experience, so remove any data points where the manager experience is zero. Regression Analysis First, you should run a full model for profit that includes both tenure and site location related variables. Tenure related variables are MTenure and CTenure. Site location related variables are population, number of competitors, street level visibility, pedestrian access, type of neighborhood, and whether a store stays open 24 hours. These variables are also defined on page 4 of the case Store24 (A). First you should determine if all variables contribute to our understanding of the model. Use the p-value for each coefficient to decide (a value of 0.05 is typically used to decide whether a variable should be included). If any variables are not significant, copy the worksheet, remove the variable and run the regression again. In your report you should explain how well the model fits (e.g. describes the factors that impact profit). It is not commonly understood how to evaluate the â€Å"impact† of the independent variables. The variables have to have a p-value that is significant (otherwise we can’t say there is a relationship), but how small the p-value is does not tell us how important the variable is. A good way to understand the impact of the variable is to find the range of values it can take, and then multiply that range by the value of the coefficient. That tells you the maximum impact that the variable can have on the problem. Next, you must address Tom Hart’s hypothesis that manager tenure does not have a linear impact on profitability—that is, that there are diminishing returns to manager tenure. To test this, copy the worksheet, then add the variable MTenure2. To do this, insert a column next to the Tenure column, and then enter the formula =D2^2 in cell E2 and copy this formula to the rest of the cells. Now run a regression on this new set of variables and see if the MTenure2 variable is statistically significant. What to Submit: You are to write a memo from Sarah Jenkins to Paul Doucette summarizing your results. You should explain your regression results: * How well the model predicts store performance (r2, p-value of variables and their â€Å"impact†) * How your MTenure2 assesses Tom Hart’s hypothesis. Does it support his hypothesis? You should include a graph that shows contribution to profit of employee tenure over the range of values in the data set. The x-axis should be manager tenure, and the y-axis should be the predicted contribution to store profit. Finally, your memo should give Paul Doucette a concrete recommendation as to how much Store24 should invest in any new manager retention programs.

Mentoring: A Way of Life -an integrative paper of the course ‘Art of Mentoring’ Essay

In this course, â€Å"Art of Mentoring†, I learned the relevance of mentoring in education, counseling ministry and self-directed learning of graduate students. The objective of the course was to encourage us students to use mentoring in different fields of profession and in service to the religious community. Having finished the course, I am inspired to use the concepts of mentoring in my personal education and be more effective in my profession, other involvements, as well using these concepts in my personal life. I realized that mentoring is a very broad term in a sense that it encompasses profession and organizational duties because it involves sharing of lives and experiences so as to develop ones holistic identity. The term is generally used to refer to the relationship between a mentor, who has the mastery, experience wisdom passion for a profession; and a mentee, who has equal passion to learn from the mentor’s knowledge and experiences (http://www.managementhelp.org/guiding/mentrng/mentrng.htm). Our history tells us that the concept and method of mentoring has been long practiced even before the word came about. When men taught basic skills like hunting and farming, they did it through the use of modeling or mentoring (Cagle, 2004). Now in the 21st century there is an increasing need of mentoring in different fields of profession. And I have come to the conclusion that mentoring is one of the most effective means of influencing and training individuals to be dynamic and efficient leaders, rich in their personal professions in a developing community. The Bible itself shows mentoring as a way of training individuals for leadership, as what is happening in the Church today (Cagle, 2004).   .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     I learned that mentoring is also very substantial in the academe, especially in graduate schools. To develop professional excellence, each student should have professors or advisers who have a strong interest in their growth not just as professionals, but as dynamic individuals, and guide them to that path.   Self-directed adult learning on the other hand, although it is more informal and not necessarily academic, can also be more effective when used with mentoring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Christians, we are also called to influence the society with godly leadership. Christian leaders in the community can use mentoring to train and guide their subordinates in promoting righteous and godly leadership. I believe that people in the society are looking for individuals who can mentor and motivate them to be better and excellent individuals. Now I understand that I have an important role in the development of my own sphere of influence, where I can help my colleagues to be godly citizens by mentoring them through the use of the Bible and living a godly lifestyle. I then realized that this is one way of personal leadership, that through a deep understanding of godly values and good lifestyle, I can mentor other individuals to be good citizens and future leaders in our community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Now with the use of mentoring, church growth, especially in rural areas, can accelerate rapidly (Cagle, 2004). Training and mentoring effective church leaders will result to a growth in their individual churches. As Jesus Christ taught his disciples by mentoring, so they followed his examples and this paved the way for rapid church growth. Mentoring, which also has the characteristic of using motivation and the boosting of self-esteem, can be used in having an effective counseling ministry, where ministers could help and guide a person to his full potential.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After learning about mentoring and having my personal insights on the method of effective influence, I now believe I can influence my peers better through the art of mentoring. I believe mentoring can occur in two ways. One way could start with an individual who needs another individual capable of guiding and mentoring him to his fullest potential. Then having found the suitable person, the mentor now decides to accept the responsibility of guiding and the mentee. And from there the relationship would develop into a fruitful, guided growth of the individual. On the other hand, mentoring can start with an older person, who sees the potential in an individual, to develop and with whom he can impart his skills and knowledge in a specific field of profession or life in general. Then now it is up to the chosen individual to accept the mentor’s offer to be guided and influenced for his personal excellent growth as an individual. And when finally accepted, the mentoring process now begins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Although mentoring can be used in large scale institutions like universities and the Church, I believe it is also a way of influencing our peers and colleagues with our personal lifestyles. Like what I said earlier, I believe that mentoring is also a form of leadership. Now, having learned the concept and art of mentoring, I am now confident to influence the young people I know to be good citizens as well as future leaders in the community. Reference: Cagle, J. (2004). Journal of Asian Missions. Pp. 235-244 (March, 2004) http://www.managementhelp.org/guiding/mentrng/mentrng.htm   

Funny Quotes of Wit and Wisdom

Funny Quotes of Wit and Wisdom These funny quotes also shed light on more than a little bit of the truth in the form of witty wisdom. Famous writers  and philosophers often express lifes irony wrapped up as comedy and humor helps to drive the point home. Wit and Wisdom Quotes If you read a lot of books, youre considered well-read. But if you watch a lot of TV, youre not considered well-viewed. -Lily TomlinAdvice is what we ask for when we already know the answer but wish we didnt. -Erica JongBefore you criticize someone, you should walk a mile in their shoes. That way when you criticize them, you are a mile away from them and you have their shoes. -Jack HandeyI know that there are people who do not love their fellow man, and I hate people like that! -Tom LehrerClothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society. -Mark TwainA synonym is a word you use when you cant spell the word you first thought of. -Burt BacharachA signature always reveals a mans character- and sometimes even his name. -Evan EsarIf you cannot answer a mans argument, all it not lost; you can still call him vile names. -Elbert HubbardHe who believes that the past cannot be changed has not yet written his memoirs. -Torvald GahlinI guess a drag queen’s like an o il painting: You gotta stand back from it to get the full effect. -Harvey Fierstein Jealousy is all the fun you think they had. -Erica JongIf were not supposed to eat animals, how come theyre made out of meat? -Tom SnyderIf you dont know where you are going, you will wind up somewhere else! -Yogi BerraInstead of holding on to the Biblical view that we are made in the image of God, we come to realize that we are made in the image of the monkey. -Lin YutangIn spite of the cost of living, its still popular. -Kathleen NorrisI think of myself as an intelligent, sensitive human being with the soul of a clown, which always forces me to blow it at the most important moments. -Jim MorrisonPeople are too durable, thats their main trouble. They can do too much to themselves, they last too long. -Bertolt BrechtDon’t look back, something might be gaining on you. -Satchel PaigeIn my day, we couldn’t afford shoes, so we went barefoot. In the winter we had to wrap our feet with barbed wire for traction. -Bill Flavinï » ¿If the English language made any sense, lackada isical would have something to do with a shortage of flowers. -Doug Larson

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Literature Review - Essay Example One main factor of traffic congestion is the increase in number of the new vehicles. One way of solving this kind of the problem is to come up with a system that will be able to monitor the situation of the roads as they analyze the image of the traffic situation and conveys information about the impending congestion the send signals to the traffic police. Harriet, Poku & Anin, 2013 on the other hand argues that effects of the traffic congestion are numerous; on the economic downside it causes tear ad wear of various parts of the vehicles necessitating continuous replacements. In addition there would be a question of not arriving at the work place in time making the business persons to cope with image of incompetency or in some case there is loss of business opportunities. All these problems would in turn cause social implications like being emotionally stressed up and in some cases it culminates from the road bullying incidences. In relation to environmental issues, traffic congesti on elevates matters as it causes a lot of air pollutions resulting from emission of the carbon dioxide. For the emergency situations, blocked lanes have a lot of consequences for those people who require immediate attentions where life could have been saved. Therefore efforts to solve the problems of the traffic congestion would also help to solve other inherent and other related problems at the same time. This will immediately be encoded and transmit the image through the worldwide interoperability of microwave access to the control room of the traffic police this will help to design a very good model to assist the police in doing their work. Transaction costs are relatively higher for international trade than for the transactions that are taking place domestically mainly because of the traffic congestions that are caused by custom related

B2B and B2C Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

B2B and B2C Marketing - Assignment Example Thus, business buyer demand is derived demand. It means that there is an impact of all the determinants of individual demand on the derived demand of the business consumers. Moreover, it also means that it may be possible in the consumer market to mold the demand but it is rarely possible to mold the demand of business consumers. The demand in the business market is more inelastic than the consumer market. It means that the demand of the consumer market is not affected by short-run market price fluctuations. The business market contains fewer but larger customers but in the individual consumer market, the number of buyers is large but average quantity they purchase is small. Moreover, the business market is geographically more concentrated as compared to individual customers. The promotional techniques used in marketing for business are different from that for individual customers. For B2B marketing, usual techniques are direct sales, trade discounts, personal networking etc. However, for B2C marketing, the promotional techniques are advertising and other above the line (ATL) marketing techniques. Since the buying decision is very crucial and any error in that decision may cause a great loss, the buyers of the B2B are more rational, whereas, many consumer buying decision is derived by emotional appeals. The example we have chosen to demonstrate the difference between B2B and B2C is the automotive industry. The automotive industry may serve both the purposes, B2B and B2C. If an automotive industry is manufacturing cars to be sold to the individual consumers, it is B2C market operation, and however, if ACE Car Rental, a car rental service provider, purchases a car from the same vendor (Toyota Motor Corporation Australia). In that case, it would be the B2B market.  

Developing a question (picot) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Developing a question (picot) - Research Paper Example llows: Among the young generation of the modern world (P), the dependency on technology has increased to a high level (I) in comparison to earlier times (C), having both positive and negative impacts on their activities (O) in the times of a rapidly developing world (T). Thus if a research is conducted based on this question, the study would be conducted on the younger generation who forms the target population of the study. The emphasis of the study would be on an understanding of the use of technology in the modern times and comparing the situation with earlier days. The outcomes or consequences would be reflected; the study being based on the time period and development of the technology in the world. The PICOT format gives a clear direction of the research objective and hence enables the researcher to use the appropriate measures that may lead to the desired results or learning through a proper research design and implementation and preparation of report. 1) Rios, L.P. Ye, C & L. Thabane. (2010). Association between framing of the research question using the PICOT format and reporting quality of randomized controlled trials, BMC Medical Research Methodology, 10(11), pp.1-8, Retrieved on September 25, 2011 from:

Discourse on the Method by Rene Descartes Essay Example for Free

Discourse on the Method by Rene Descartes Essay Discourse on the Method is Descartes attempt to explain his method of reasoning through even the most difficult of problems. He illustrates the development of this method through brief autobiographical sketches interspersed with philosophical arguments. Part 1 contains various considerations concerning the sciences. First, all people possess good sense, the ability to distinguish truth from fiction. Therefore, it is not a lack of ability that obstructs people but their failure to follow the correct path of thought. The use of a method can elevate an average mind above the rest, and Descartes considered himself a typical thinker improved by the use of his method. Descartes benefited from a superior education, but he believed that book learning also clouded his mind. After leaving school, he set off traveling to learn from the great book of the world with an unclouded mind. He comes to the conclusion that all people have a natural light that can be obscured by education and that it is as important to study oneself as it is to study the world. In part 2, Descartes describes his revelation in the stove-heated room. Contemplating various subjects, he hits on the idea that the works of individuals are superior to those conceived by committee because an individuals work follows one plan, with all elements working toward the same end. He considers that the science he learned as a boy is likely flawed because it consists of the ideas of many different men from various eras. Keeping in mind what he has learned of logic, geometry, and algebra, he sets down the following rules: (1) to never believe anything unless he can prove it himself; (2) to reduce every problem to its simplest parts; (3) to always be orderly in his thoughts and proceed from the simplest part to the most difficult; and (4) to always, when solving a problem, create a long chain of reasoning and leave nothing out. He immediately finds this method effective in solving problems that he had found too difficult before. Still fearing that his own misconceptions might be getting in the way of pure reason, he decides to systematically eliminate all his wrong opinions and use his new method exclusively. In part 3, Descartes puts forth a provisional moral code to live by while  rethinking his views: (1) to obey the rules and customs of his country and his religion and never take an extreme opinion; (2) to be decisive and stick with his decisions, even if some doubts linger; (3) to try to change himself, not the world; and (4) to examine all the professions in the world and try to figure out what the best one is. Not surprising, Descartes determines that reasoning and searching for the truth is, if not the highest calling, at least extremely useful. For many years after his revelation, Descartes traveled widely and gained a reputation for wisdom, then retired to examine his thoughts in solitude. In part 4, Descartes offers proofs of the existence of the soul and of God. Contemplating the nature of dreams and the unreliability of the senses, he becomes aware of his own process of thinking and realizes it is proof of his existence: I think, therefore I exist (Cogito ergo sum). He also concludes that the soul is separate from the body based on the unreliability of the senses as compared with pure reason. His own doubts lead him to believe that he is imperfect, yet his ability to conceive of perfection indicates that something perfect must exist outside of himnamely, God. He reasons that all good things in the world must stem from God, as must all clear and distinct thoughts. Part 5 moves from discussion of a theory of light to theories about human anatomy. Descartes considers the fact that animals have many of the same organs as humans yet lack powers of speech or reason. He takes this difference to be evidence of humankinds rational soul. He considers the mysterious connection of the soul to the body and concludes that the soul must have a life outside the body. Therefore it must not die when the body dies. Because he cannot conceive of a way that the soul could perish or be killed, he is forced to conclude that the soul is immortal. In part 6, Descartes cautiously touches on possible conflicts with the church over his ideas about physical science. Finally, he implores his readers to read carefully, apologizes for writing in French rather than Latin, and vows to shun fame and fortune in the name of pursuing truth and knowledge.

The Music of Star Wars

The Music of Star Wars The music of Star Wars has become a character of the films much as the characters of the films have become global icons. John Williams contribution to the films (he composed for all six Star Wars films) is among the most widely-known and popular contributions to modern film music. When Williams set out to compose the music for the first film, Star Wars (later re-titled, Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope) in 1977, he only had one Oscar to his name for the score to the 1975 summer blockbuster Jaws. He utilized a variety of musical styles drawing from the golden age of Hollywood and the scores of Max Steiner as well as the late romantic period of Richard Strauss. George Lucas, the creator of Star Wars, wanted the feel of the old movie serials like Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers. Williams is credited with reviving the symphonic scores because of his Star War compositions and of using a technique called leitmotiv most often associated with the operas of Wagner and with Steiner-esque film scores. The use of the leitmotiv anchors the characters of the Star Wars original trilogy, which I will discuss in detail. These themes signify the individual characters as well as plot elements, locations, moods and relationships. This use of motifs is the films are strong enough to latch the audience onto the elements of the film while being strong enough to undergo variation and development, which we will see in the development of the sequels from the original film. Star Wars (1977) Principle Motifs Main Title Used in all six films, this is the anthem of the film series. It is recognizable globally and is generally associated with the rebel forces, Luke Skywalker and elements involving heroism and adventure. This theme is heard over the opening crawl and is used as a base for the end credits. Rebel Fanfare Used in all six films as well, this is a short motif used mostly in Episode IV: A New Hope to represent the Rebel Alliance. It is used less in Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back and brought back but with less frequency in Episode VI: Return of the Jedi. It uses brass elements to give it the fanfare flavor. Jedi Theme This theme is also titled Binary Sunset in the film score from the scene in which Luke is watching the sunset on Tatooine and contemplating his future in Episode IV. This is the one motif in the trilogy that is consistently developed throughout all three films. The theme represents Obi-Wan Kenobi, the Jedi Knights and The Force. In later films, it is used to represent ideas of fate and destiny. It is an uplifting theme and can be heard throughout the trilogy. There are also brief instances of it in Episode I: The Phantom Menace, Episode II: Attack of the Clones, and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith. Princess Leias Theme (aka Love Theme) This theme represents the romantic side of the trilogy. It is most often used in Episode IV to represent Leia when she is alone (on the merchant ship in the beginning), vulnerable (when she is about to be tortured for information on the Death Star) or shown on the screen. In subsequent episodes, it is developed into a Love Theme between her and Han Solo. This theme also appears later in Episode III after she is born. Imperial Motif Used only in Episode IV, this motif represents the Empire and Darth Vader for this film (although it makes a cameo when Grand Moff Tarkin, commander of the Death Star, is seen in Episode III: Revenge of the Sith). The music is militaristic and not as ominous as the Imperial March introduced in Episode V. The rhythmic and harmonic aspects are developed into the Imperial March in The Empire Strikes Back. Death Star Motif Introduced in Episode IV, it is a four chord motif that plays when the Death Star is shown or when its place is suggested. It is also heard as a more developed theme when the Star Destroyer hits the second Death Star in Episode VI. Jawa Theme/Droid Theme A playful theme used in Episode IV when the Jawas are introduced and later developed into a motif to represent the droids in Episodes V and VI when R2D2 and C3PO are together. The Empire Strikes Back (1980) Principle Motifs Imperial March (aka Darth Vaders Theme) This theme represents the Galactic Empire and, more specifically Darth Vader, starting with Episode V and carrying on through the rest of the films. This theme has achieved an iconic status as representing evil and is used outside of the films to introduce evil (i.e. when Mr. Burns shows up on The Simpsons). Williams retrogrades the theme for the prequel trilogy, embedding it into Anakins theme and his downward spiral to the dark side as well as the rise of the Republic into the Empire. Williams also uses it effectively when Vader dies in Episode VI. Love Theme Developed from Leias Theme in Episode IV, it is heard in Episode V and VI in scenes of romance and when the two characters are sacrificing, including the scene in which Han is frozen and the final moments of Empire when Lando Calrissian is leaving to rescue Han from Jabba The Hut. Yodas Theme This theme is introduced in Episode V and is used throughout the original trilogy and the prequel trilogy. It is mostly associated with Yodas teachings and abilities but can be heard when Luke is utilizing what Yoda has taught him. It is used sparingly in the prequels and mostly for key moments with Yoda. As a side, Williams uses this theme in E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial when a little kid is seen in a Yoda costume. Landos Theme (Cloud City Theme) A march that is heard during the Bespin scenes in Episode V. It is used throughout the Cloud City scenes and a variation is used when Luke arrives to save Leia and Han. Return of the Jedi (1983) Principle Motifs Jabbas Theme This is heard in the opening of Episode VI when the scene takes place in Jabbas Palace. It is mostly tuba and is rolling and bulbous. It was added in the special edition version of Episode IV when a young (and much leaner?!) Jabba confront Han Solo in the hanger of the Millennium Falcon. There is also a disguised version of it in Episode I when Jabba officiates the pod race. Emperors Theme An ominous theme first used in Episode VI, and developed more in the prequel trilogies. It represents the Emperor whenever he is on screen. Williams also uses it conspicuously in the victory celebration at the end of Phantom Menace. Ewoks Theme Titled Parade of the Ewoks in the score for Episode VI, it is a light-hearted theme played during scenes in the Ewok village, during the Endor battle and in the end credits. Luke and Leias Theme This theme is heard only twice and only in Episode VI. It links Luke and Leia as brother and sister. It is more mature than the Love Theme and Leias Theme from the previous films. Victory Celebration This theme is used for the victory of the Alliance. In addition to these major motifs, there are minor themes used throughout the series that are used to represent some of the other characters and scenes in the original trilogy. These motifs are generally heard once and not much development took place for further use. Minor Motifs Arrival on Tatooine This is used in Episode IV and then again in Episode I. Tusken Raiders Theme Used when the Tusken Raiders are first introduced in Episode IV and when they attack Luke. Later used when Anakin destroys their camp in Episode II. Throne Room March Used in the original trilogy when Vader is present and later when the Emperor is shown in Episode VI. The final elements of music John Williams wrote for the original trilogy were the pieces that were performed as part of ‘live sequences. Before he became a film composer, John Williams was a jazz pianist going by the name of Johnny Williams. The ‘live elements reflect his earlier musical career with the use of jazz, classical and world music elements. These were: The two songs played in the Cantina on Tatooine entitled, Cantina Band and Cantina Band #2. They were in a swing style and the first tune became popular on the radio after the initial film release in 1977, while #2 could only be heard when Obi-Wan is speaking with Han Solo for the first time. Jabbas Baroque Recital is heard when R2D2 and C3PO arrive to give Jabba the message from Luke Skywalker in Episode VI. Jedi Rocks is also from Episode VI heard in Jabbas Palace just before Leia (disguised as a bounty hunter) brings Chewbacca in for a ransom. This song replaced Lapti Nek, when the special editions were releas ed and it was not included on the re-release of the soundtrack.[1] Max Rebo Band Jams is heard twice in the film, once after Chewbacca is sent to the jail cell and on the sail barge. This song doesnt appear on the soundtrack as recordings of it have apparently been lost forever. The music of the Ewoks is heard throughout Episode VI when Luke and company are in the village and after the battle of Endor. They are titled Ewok Feast, Part of the Tribe, and Ewok Celebration. Sources 8notes.com (2008) Williams, John [Online]. Available from: http://www.8notes.com/biographies/john_williams.asp [Accessed: 11 October 2009] Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. 1997. Producer, Gary Kurtz; director: George Lucas. Lucasfilms, Ltd. [DVD Recording] Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back. 1997. Producer, Gary Kurtz; director: Irving Kershner. Lucasfilms, Ltd. [DVD Recording] Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi. 1997. Producer, Howard Kazanjian; director: Richard Marquand. Lucasfilms, Ltd. [DVD Recording] Empire of Dreams: The Story of the ‘Star Wars Trilogy. 2004. Producer, Edith Becker; directors: Edith Becker and Kevin Burns. Prometheus Entertainment. [DVD Recording] Williams, John. (2000). Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (Ultimate Edition). [CD] USA. Sony Classical. Williams, John. (2002). Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones Original Motion Picture Soundtrack [CD] USA. Sony Classical. Williams, John. (2005). Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith Original Motion Picture Soundtrack [CD] USA. Sony Classical. Williams, John. (1997). Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (Special Edition). [CD] USA. RCA Victor. Williams, John. (1997). Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back (Special Edition). [CD] USA. RCA Victor. Williams, John. (1997). Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi (Special Edition). [CD] USA. RCA Victor.

The Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

The Lord of the Flies The adventure novel, The Lord of the Flies, was an epic tale that depicted the different facets of the human spirit. It was written by William Golding in the 1950's and recieved many awards. It was declared the "Outstanding Novel of the Year" by E.M. Forrester. The author did in no wat mean for this story to be biographical, but Mr. Golding depicted well the many different aspect of human nature. The book has been described as "provacative, vivid and enthralling," but Time and Tide said it best when they wrote, â€Å"It is not only a first-rate adventure story but a parable of our times." The novel took place on an island probably somewhere in the middle of the Atlantic. This can be inferred because of the fact that the boys are British and that they arrived on the island by way of a plane cradsh. The story also occurred during wartime. The story begins when a group of British boys crash on an uninhabited island. In the beginning they area all unruly and unmorginized. Finally, a boy by the nakme of Ralph decides to take charge and call a meeting. The boys declare him â€Å"chief† and then begin to follow his lead. Ralph is also assisted by another lad by the name of Piggy. The group of boys were getting along fine until Jack Merridew, a boy who wanted to be â€Å"chief† instead, decided to go his own way. He disobeyed Ralph and did things his own way. He was to preoccupied witdh his own whims to do the act that was most important on the island, which was to keep the signal going so they could be rescued. Finally, Jack went against Ralph and declared that if any of the other boys wanted to have â€Å"fun,† which meant acting like savages, that they should follow him. The boys splot up into two groups and then havoc insued. Jacks group went around hunting and being barbaric while the others tried to get rescued. In the end Jack had gotten all the boys except Ralph to run around loke wild animals. Then when Jack got tired of dealing with Ralph, he convinced wveryone to try and kill him. By then however, a navy ship had come an they could never get around to the nasty deed. There was more than one antagonist in the story, The Lord of the Flies. They were Ralph, Piggy, and all the other boys who tried to sustain order and law on the island. To begin with, Ralph was the â€Å"first† chief on the island.

Compensation and Benefits Essay

Compensation and benefit plans are crucial to the achievements of the company. Job seekers look for the best job opportunity and compensation and benefits play a major role in the decision-making process. Compensation involves how employees are paid, hourly or salary, and benefits involve the type of medical, dental, vision and various plans offered such as a 401K for retirement. Organizations typically maximize in productivity with their business practices by providing benefits to their employees. Benefits usually attract candidates with paramount talent and experience that will lead the firm to the competitive advantage. Compensation and benefits may be a measurement tool for the effects of productivity, company growth, and success. The effects could indirectly change the recruitment and retention of labor. The allusion of the plan is for workers to believe the compensation plan is reasonable and fair (Cascio, 2010). Managers should incorporate cross-training to engage employees to excel in performing their job duties at the highest levels for the best outcome (Cascio, 2010). The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) established in 1938 set the standards for exempt and non-exempt positions. The FLSA ascertains the standards for minimum wage, recordkeeping, overtime pay ,and the standards for youth workers and how it affects worker in the private sector according to local, state, and federal guidelines. Effective July 24, 2009 non-exempt workers will receive no less than $7. 25 per hour. Exempt staff will not receive overtime pay; however, non-exempt workers will receive one hour and half of pay after 40 hours per week when required to work overtime. Management positions, such as administrative and professional staff, sales personnel, and IT staff classified as exempt.

Death Essay

Death, to many who believe in reincarnation is passing into another life. The quality of this life could be well dependent on the, â€Å"karma† or the deeds that one has carried out in previous birth. Death thus need not be the end of life but just a new beginning. Reincarnation is generally thought to be an Eastern belief predominantly prevalent in Buddhism. Karma, some believe is an ancient Hindu cliche increasingly picked up by Buddhist scriptures which provide a cause – effect link to our actions. Reincarnation takes these links further and seeks to provide a relation between our actions and its outcomes in this birth to our karma in the previous birth. Karma is generally said to be unseen to the common man but ancient Hindu mythology believes that it is evident to the wise and knowledgeable sage. There are many such believers of this phenomenon in the West as well. Stevenson (1980) has even supported it with extensive scientific reasoning and examples. The instances quoted are of children who are said to have taken to speaking about their earlier life immediately after they had started talking. There are some studies which link birth marks or defects with past lives. These defects are seen as the wounds on a person of previous birth, who is remembered in the embryo, wounds which could possibly have been fatal. (Stevenson, 1997). Rationalists and particularly rational biologists would not believe that the biological deformities which are found at birth such as defective speech, hearing or blindness could have been a cause of an accident in previous life rather than defective growth of the embryo in its formative stage. There has thus been extensive skepticism about reincarnation particularly amongst the rationalist of the West. However there are numerous believers of incarnation who quote a number of examples which are there in the Bible including the teachings of Jesus where John the Baptist is considered as a reincarnate of Elijah the prophet. What then is the reality?

About the Supplemental Security Income Program - SSI

About the Supplemental Security Income Program - SSI Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a federal government benefit program providing cash to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter to persons who are blind or otherwise disabled and have little or no other income. Monthly SSI benefits are paid to persons with limited income and resources who are disabled, blind, or age 65 or older. Blind or disabled children, as well as adults, can qualify to get SSI benefits. How SSI is Different From Retirement Benefits While the SSI program is administered by the Social Security Administration, the way in which SSI benefits are administered is very different from how Social Security retirement benefits are paid. SSI benefits do not require and are not based on the recipients prior work or a family members prior work. In other words, no current or prior employment is required to qualify for SSI benefits. Unlike Social Security benefits, SSI benefits are funded by general funds from the U.S. Treasury generated by income taxes paid be individuals and corporations. Social Security taxes withheld from workers paychecks under the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) do not help fund the SSI program. Total SSI funding, along with maximum monthly amounts to be paid to SSI recipients, are set annually by Congress as part of the federal budget process. SSI recipients in most states can also have their benefits supplemented by Medicaid to help pay for doctor bills, prescriptions and other health care costs. SSI beneficiaries may also be eligible for food stamps in every state except California. In some states, an application for SSI benefits also serves as an application for food stamps. Who is Eligible for SSI Benefits Anyone who is: aged (age 65 or older);blind or disabled. And, who: has limited income; andhas limited resources; andis a U.S. citizen or national, or in one of certain categories of aliens; andis not absent from the country for a full calendar month or for 30 consecutive days or more; andis not confined to an institution (such as a hospital or prison) at the governments expense; andapplies for any other cash benefits or payments for which he or she may be eligible, (for example, pensions, Social Security benefits); andgives SSA permission to contact any financial institution and request any financial records about you; andfiles an application; andmeets certain other requirements. What Does  Ã¢â‚¬ËœLimited Income’ Include? For purposes of determining SSI eligibility, Social Security counts the following as income: money you earn from work;money you receive from other sources, such as Social Security benefits, workers compensation, unemployment benefits, the Department of Veterans Affairs, friends or relatives; andfree food or shelter. What  Are ‘Limited Resources’? For purposes of determining SSI eligibility, Social Security counts the following as limited resources: cash;bank accounts, stocks, U.S. savings bonds;land and real estate;vehicles;personal property;life insurance; andanything else you own that could be converted to cash and used for food or shelter. NOTE: For complete details on the SSI program, including qualifications and how to apply for benefits, see the  Understanding Supplemental Security Income home page on the SSA website.   SSI Payment Details Amounts of SSI benefit payments are set annually by Congress and are typically adjusted every January to reflect the current cost of living.  Maximum (SSI) payment amounts increase with the cost-of-living increases (COLA) that apply to Social Security retirement benefits. Some states provide supplemental SSI benefits. SSI benefit payments are not taxable. Possible Benefit Reductions Exact benefit amounts paid to individual SSI recipients may be less than the maximum depending on non-SSI income, like wages and other Social Security benefits. Persons living in their own home, in the home of another person, or in a Medicaid-approved nursing home may also have their SSI payments reduced accordingly. The monthly amount is reduced by subtracting monthly countable income. In the case of an eligible individual with an eligible spouse, the amount payable is further divided equally between the two spouses.   Updated current maximum and average SSI payment amounts can be found on the SSI Statistics web site. SSI Work Incentive Programs Helping people with disabilities achieve independence by taking advantage of employment opportunities is one of the Social Security Administration’s highest priorities. SSI’s work incentive programs help disabled and blind SSI recipients to continue to work while minimizing the risk of losing their SSI or Medicaid benefits. Certain work incentive programs allow SSI recipients to exempt some of their work income from their list of resources. Others allow SSI recipients to continue to receive Medicaid coverage even though they are not receiving monthly SSI cash benefits. SSI recipients may be eligible to take advantage of more than one work incentive program. As with Social Security retirement benefits, working can reduce the amount of the recipient’s SSI benefit payments. Complete information on SSI work incentive opportunities can be found in the SSA’s â€Å"The Red Book - A Guide to Work Incentives.†

buy custom Blood Transfusion essay

buy custom Blood Transfusion essay Blood transfusion is an important part of hematological care. Blood transfusion therapy is critical and life saving despite the fact that it is need-based. This is because a lot of information is needed depending on a patients clinical condition prompting further advancements. There has been need for use of better techniques and equipments by the relevant specialists. For instance, some advancement include the betterment or introduction of open heart surgeries in third world countries as well as the gastro surgery procedures just as the case in cholecystectomy. In addition, transfusion medicine calls for efforts in the advancements of the sensitivity of diagnostic tests in order to increase the levels of detectable pathogens. Following the high rates of incompatibility in donor recipient bloods, many commercial companies are or will come up with models of how to find substitutes for red blood cells (RBC). In addition, some are in the run to developing a hemoglobin solution. There are also advancements in the development of universal red blood cells because of incompatibility cases between donors and recipients red blood cells. These advances are most likely to continue in the future. Furthermore, there are future prospects in the development of production of artificial blood from culture plate. This is expected in 10-15 years which will only work for neutral blood groups and where there is no fear for all immunization. However, it is challenged by the fact that it is expensive and the risk associated with the development of artificial medium. Moreover, questions arise over the feasibility of commercial production of RBC and its final price. The most probable use may be in 2025. The biggest challenge is th at they may come to use and available in the market but may not be in a position to replace RBC because of their price and biological half-life. Autologous Blood Transfusion This method of blood transfusion is the most commonly used because of its safety. However, there are risks associated with it in several surgical operations. This method is basically used in countries where there are shortages of compatible and safe blood. This method cannot be solely used because it is almost non-detectable, and the dangers are only detected when the patients condition is dire. Some of the advantages of autologous blood are that there are no chances of blood reactions because the patient receives his/her own blood. In addition, there is no chance for transmission of infectious disease agents. Again this process supplements community blood supply. Furthermore, this process of donating blood promotes production of blood cells by the relevant bone marrows. On the other hand, its disadvantages include the possibility of contamination of autologous blood with disease agents during the process of donation. Furthermore, there can be chances that an allegoric blood be transfused unintentionally. Moreover, process involved is expensive as well as storage is costly. About 44% of autologous blood is not transfused leading to wastage. Some of the pathogensroutinely tested in transfusion blood include viral infections such as hepatitis infections, HIV, and human T-cell lymhotropic virus. Others include the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCjD). Other viral pathogens include Alanine transaminase and west Nile virus. Bacterial pathogens tested for include Babesiosis, and Chagas disease. Others include Syphilis and Lyme disease. However, plasma and cryoprecitate are in most cases subject to threats caused by pathogens that may have not been screened during the transfusion. For example, traces of Delta agent pathogens can be transmitted to the recipient because it is not majorly screened for since it is believed to be a great infection of Hepatitis B. In addition, it cannot exist on its own, thus if Hepatitis B is not well tested, then it may be transmitted. Development of new blood cells originating from artificial blood is basically done by taking cells from an umbilical cord. Specialized machines and equipments are then used in mimicking the functioning of the bone marrow in the production of blood. Because artificial blood is basically made for one sole purpose, it becomes easier to identify the blood group that has been produced artificially. This is owing to the fact that artificially produced blood is used in the transportation of both oxygen and carbon dioxide in the entire body. Owing to the fact that both male and female have their x chromosomes and x, y in male and female respectively, the chemical information is coded in every chromosome that is passed to the offspring. This is because the nucleotide sequence of genes in every parent is hereditary and thus must be passed to the offspring. The gene responsible for the formation of blood cell codes an enzyme that is responsible for the biochemical formation of the RBC inherited from the parents. This implies that the particular gene contains a particular sequence of nucleotide bases that plays the role of organizing amino acids in an order that will lead to formation of antigens and antibodies. Any disruption may lead to human disorders in the offspring such as sickle cell anemia. Transfusion between individuals who have artificial blood should be taken with a lot of care. Some of the issues to be addressed during this process include the fact that blood supplements can be stored for long periods compared to biological blood. This calls for proper storage since improper storage can lead to its contamination. In addition, artificial blood must not be stored under refrigeration till its use; this implies that it is prone to unfavorable temperatures either too high or too low that can contaminate it. Furthermore, transfusions between artificial blood groups rarely register reactions. However this should be taken into consideration because unlike antigens and antibodies may introduce to the same system leading to an eventual loss of life or complications. Dealing with naturally occurring heterophil involves the use of an immunoglobulin that is to specifically react with the antigen that is naturally induced as a result of the synthesis of a similar molecule. There classification is done basing on their way of agglutinin. The anaphylactic antibody (IgE) is responsible for the cause of anaphylaxis. To block the antibody, there is production of the IgG that in turn reacts with the antigen preferentially. As a result, IgG is stopped from reacting with the cytotropic antibody (IgE). Furthermore, this production leads to a hypersensitivity reaction. As a result, there is the production of the complement-fixing antibody that is responsible for the reaction with the particular antigen. In addition, IgM and IgG play the most important role of fixing complements through the classical pathway; IgA by the substitute pathway. For the success of this process to be achieved, individuals must produce the right amount of antibodies are produced in the body. In addition, the production of antibodies must begin from the stem cells meaning that the plasma of any individual must be healthy and safe. Despite the fact that blood transfusion has become safer than it was in the recent past, there are certain emerging diseases that pose threat to the entire process. Blood and plasma products remain vulnerable to emerging infections. These include the newly discovered hepatitis viruses. In addition, the agents of transmissible spongi emerging from encephalopatheis, as well as the tick bone pathogens are a risk to many people because they are emerging threats. These pathogens warrant concerns because they can lead to fatalities and high risks in patients if not well taken care of. Current blood supply is safer compared to the way it was in the previous years. This is because the safety procedures rely on various steps. These include interviewing of donors and their selection. In addition, the donor is monitored with serologic examinations as well as screening of the blood samples that have been collected. The plasma of donors blood is tested for various infections including inactivation of plasma-derived products as well as leukodepletion of blood components. Some of the issues affecting third world countries in adapting to the advancements in Transfusion Medicine include poverty. This is undoubtedly a crucial factor leading to severe health factors in most third world countries. In addition, poverty is increased by lack of political will by the leaders of the respective countries. In addition, certain social norms especially in Africa has played a major role in fighting development in Transfusion medicine. They include taboos, or lack of institutions that can play a role in controlling the situations. Furthermore, HIV and AIDS prevalence in Third World Countries is high making Transfusion Medicine difficult to be realized. This is owing to the fact that HIV/AIDS come along with certain ailments that make blood be considered contaminated in transfusion. China has proved to be one of the leading recipients of blood in the world. According to WHO, Chinese authorities have tried to deal with illegal blood donations, but it still poses as the worlds leading blood recipient because its blood supply is highly contaminated with HIV. This makes its demand for blood products high creating an economic incentive for most hospitals in the country. Buy custom Blood Transfusion essay

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Why is it important to define adequately the use of a system? It is important to define the use of a system, because to know how to use it you need to understand what is was made for and what its requirements were and that made it so. It is very important to understand this and develop systems which will verity the quality in which the system was developed for. The systems ground work will be defined but its specifications and its requirements, which will be illustrated and lardier their function in a design document.What the system will accomplish is understood by what the systems requirements are. How these requirements will be met will be understood by the system specifications set by the client whom the system will serve. These two combined create the system, in which if made correctly will be made to be used with eased by the user operating the system developed. This will allow for design documentation, which will help a project team develop quality accumulation that will develop effective design documentation.This will improve stability that will allow the system to be easy and cheap to maintain. System analysis must gather accurate information to ensure that all needs are addressed, If this Is not performed properly. The system will result as a failure. Therefore It Is required to define adequately the use of a system. List five Items a typical design document contains.

Contract law incorporation notice UCTA 1977 Essay

Contract law incorporation notice UCTA 1977 - Essay Example Joseph, the Managing Director of Juicy Drinks Limited, visits the small office of MML and looks at some brochures of the marquees, agrees to hire one and is given a booking slip. MML demand half the cost of the hire which Joseph duly pays. The 'booking slip' is a small piece of flimsy pink paper. On its face it has the name, address and logo of MML and Juicy Drinks Limited's name together with the date of hire on 6 July 11.00 am until 6pm. There are no clauses on the face of the booking slip, however it ushers for the reader to refer to the reverse side of the paper for the clauses. On the back of the booking slip there are many clauses in small print. One of those clauses stated that MML will not be liable for any faults in the marquee or for any loss caused by bad weather that prevents the marquee being raised. Another clause states that the marquee must be vacated by 7pm on the day of hire. Unfortunately, on 6 July there is a horrendous thunderstorm and the marquee cannot be raised until 3pm on that given date. Meanwhile Joseph's potential customers have had no shelter from the torrential rain nor any refreshment since 11 am. They tell Joseph that they will never buy from him and do not sign the lucrative sales contract. ... To drown their sorrows Joseph and his team enter the marquee eventually at 3 pm and don't leave until 9 pm. Juicy Drinks refuse to pay for the remainder of the hire charge and sued MML in the High Court for breach of contract with losses to include loss of the valuable sales contract with their potential customers. Witter J found (i) The clause that MML were not liable for any loss had not been incorporated in the contract because insufficient notice had been given (Interfoto Picture Library v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd [1988] applied). (ii) In any event, even if incorporated, the clause was not, despite its wording, a condition of the contract as it was unreasonable in the circumstances under The Unfair Contract Terms Act. 1977. Witter J therefore awarded Juicy Drinks Limited damages for breach of contract including loss of profit from the new customer. MML has decided to appeal against this decision to the Moot Court of Appeal. Acting as counsel for the appellant MML prepare a skeleton argument for your client dealing with both of these points. Word Limit 1,500. IN THE HIGHCOURT OF JUSTICE Case No: 12/03/07 IN THE MOOT COURT OF APPEAL Magnificent Marquees Appellant V IN THE HIGHCOURT OF JUSTICE Case No: 12/03/07 IN THE MOOT COURT OF APPEAL Magnificent Marquees Appellant V Juicy Drinks Limited Respondent Skeleton Argument of Counsel for the Appellant Juicy Drinks Limited Respondent Skeleton Argument of Counsel for the Appellant 1. This is an appeal against the judgment of Witter J in the High Court of Justice Queen's Bench Division. Background: 2. The Appellant is a hirer of marquees and has been in business for the past twelve years.

Stereotyping of Latina Women in the United States Research Paper

Stereotyping of Latina Women in the United States - Research Paper Example But some sections of society seem to be purposely promoting the stereotypical images of some races for conveniences of a certain kind. One of these sections is the entertainment media industry and their convenience in this regard is the ease in selling their product. While there are a few common tendencies of the TV and film industry of stereotyping groups of people, like African Americans and chopper riders, this paper sheds light on the entertainment media’s love affair with certain portrayals of Latino women. It traces the origins of the practice of stereotyping Latinas on TV and film, investigates its immersion in modern society, calculates its impact on the lives of its affectees and alludes to the solution of the problem. Stereotypes It was Gary D. Keller (2) who, in 1994, first drew a detailed picture of the problem, characterising the three principle types of stereotypes that are promulgated by the mainstream TV and film media. These include the image of a sexually att ractive, flamboyant middle-aged woman; the ill-fated, subservient, selfless single woman and the deceptive and cunning beauty that stabs its admirers in the back for vested interests. The portrayal of Latino women as sexual objects is the most common stereotype of Latinas in the TV and film industry. ... It is also common for producers to cast Latinas as poor housewives sacrificing their joys for the well being of their family’s interrelations or as housekeepers showing utter selflessness and subservience to their masters. In a recent study (Rivadeneyra, 393), seven groups of thirty seven students in total were shown montages of different TV shows and movies casting Latino actresses. In their observations, two of the seven groups noted that that it is rare to see Latinos playing positive roles on television: â€Å"They always portray them as the lower class or as the maids or whatever. You never see a CEO of a company being Hispanic or whatever like in a regular TV show.† These trends of stereotyping of Latinas are not fading away yet. Just this year a new show called "Devious Maids" (Shearmur), produced in the famous ABC studios aired, depicting the story of five Latino maids. The show seems to combine two popular stereotypes of Latino women and proves that there still is great market demand for such portrayals of Latino women. Origins and Causes The portrayal of a certain group of people on camera cannot have much bearing on the group’s place in the real world. How then, does this stereotyping of Latinas by the TV and film industry translate to the great inaccuracy in perception of Latinas in American society? In her critical analysis of this issue’s manifestation in the popular TV series Desperate Housewives, Debra Merskin (133) answers this question: â€Å"It is through the repetition of these Latina stereotypes in mass media, both on and off screen that solidifies these stereotypes of Latina women in society.† It is evidently well qualified to say that

Process Analysis Essay on My Writing Process Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Process Analysis on My Writing Process - Essay Example I had the mandate of addressing an academic audience in the controversy essay and the general audience on the public argument essay. As such, in addressing the different audience distinct writing techniques had to apply. In the academic audience, I dedicated my time and works to informing audience on the different controversies that exist I relation to reference topic. For example, I shared the arguments and counterarguments on increasing fuel prices with an aim of reducing global warming. This I did with an open mind, gave facts, and assumed a neutral position. In addressing, the public on the public argument essay, I changed the vision of my audience by using a convincing tone to make them support my views. I did this by narrowing my information to a shorter topic befitting my position. For instance, I detailed all the benefits of increasing fuel prices for purposes of controlling global warming. Moreover, the two audiences adopted distinct introductions. Indeed, I used facts and b ackground information to address the academic audience in the introduction of the second essay. Furthermore, the context of the information changed with the audience. For example, in the public argument essay, the context changed to only the benefits of increasing fuel prices. Actually, in this context, the demerits of increasing fuel prices for controlling global warming did not surface. Consequently, the context of my information had a direct connection with the purpose of the address. In fact, in my controversy, the purpose of the information.

How Does The Concept Of Children's Rights Influence The Work Of Essay

How Does The Concept Of Children's Rights Influence The Work Of International Agencies And Development NGOs - Essay Example d other circumstances that are dangerous, which ultimately is resulting in the violation of the children’s rights and regulations made by the government. It is worth mentioning in this context that the government has taken certain initiatives which include the rescue measures, rehabilitation and active participation measures concerning children’s rights protection. The reports published concerning children’s rights violation usually cover the aspect of infant mortality, malnutrition and issues with regard to education where the other important issues usually remained unaddressed (UNICEF, 2006). With reference to the current day context, these factors can be apparently observed to influence and direct the working of international agencies such as World Trade Organisation (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and ECPAT among others. For instance, WTO, in its international operations has been regularly reviewing the progress in various countries with regard to th eir performances in protecting and promoting the rights of the children as per the principle guidelines mentioned in the agreements and trade policies. For instance, in its recent policies WTO has been focused on enforcing rigid norms to ban any product or services produced through the engagement of child labour. Where on one hand such norms and policy measures have been encouraged on social and ethical grounds, on the basis of economic concerns, the measures have also been criticised. For instance, it has often been argued and researched that child labour is a major concern identified in poor economic regions. It is often regarded as a consequence of poverty wherein minors of the family are sent to work and earn their livelihood. In such areas, such restrictions on child labour as imposed by the WTO... This paper approves that the rights of the children include the provision with respect to the standard of living, educational benefits, health care and recreational facilities. Additionally, the rights to protection act with respect to the children’s developmental needs majorly include their right to protection against abuse, discrimination and exploitation. The rights to participation further include the child’s freedom to participate in activities and programmes irrespective of cultural divergences and family or ethnic backgrounds. It is worth mentioning in this context that the provisions for rules and regulations as well rights are framed to protect the social, economic and environmental rights of the children in the worldwide context. This report makes a conclusion that with reference to the above discussion, it can be observed with regards to the development and protection of the rights of the children that international agencies and NGOs play a vital role towards minimising the issues related with children’s rights. As a matter of fact, child exploitation rates have increased in the modern day context. Consequently, the activities and measures with respect to the protection of the children’s rights have been implemented by NGOs as well as the international agencies. The different programmes such as The Focal Point and the Liaison Unit help and provide information to the international, regional and the national level organisations as well as the other events organisers with respect to the rights and provisions framed against the exploitation of the children.

Specific patients Case Management (Instruction Below, and patients Essay

Specific patients Case Management (Instruction Below, and patients info faxed) - Essay Example The presented complexity of health problems experienced by the patient is very similar to the case presented by Dr. Sheehan (2008) of Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc. where the case talks about a patient having type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and all of the microvascular complications. There are essentially two primary defects in type 2 diabetes. One is insulin resistance. At the level of the liver, there is uncontrolled liver glucose output; in skeletal muscle, there is defective skeletal muscle glucose uptake, and nonoxidative glucose metabolism. There are defects in the adipocyte in terms of storing fat, excessive lipolysis, and high levels of free fatty acids in the circulation that can worsen insulin resistance. The adipose tissue can release inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, we have known for a great many years that there are defects in glucagon regulation at the level of the pancreas. The alpha cell, which makes glucagon, overproduces glucagon both in the fasting a nd the fed state. This is another major defect in type 2 diabetes (Sheehan, 2008). Long-term research has demonstrated the benefits of maintaining good control over blood glucose levels. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) found that the diabetes-related complications of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy were reduced significantly in study subjects with type 2 diabetes who practiced intensive blood glucose control. In addition, for every percentage point reduction in A1C (a blood test that measures the three-month average of blood glucose levels), study participants achieved a 35% reduction in the risk of complications (American Diabetes Association, 2002). The best nursing theory applicable in this case is Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit theory. The theory essentially defines the need for nursing care. Since Mrs. X experiences some limitations or deficit which interferes with her ability to maintain self-care, she

Process Analysis Essay on My Writing Process Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Process Analysis on My Writing Process - Essay Example I had the mandate of addressing an academic audience in the controversy essay and the general audience on the public argument essay. As such, in addressing the different audience distinct writing techniques had to apply. In the academic audience, I dedicated my time and works to informing audience on the different controversies that exist I relation to reference topic. For example, I shared the arguments and counterarguments on increasing fuel prices with an aim of reducing global warming. This I did with an open mind, gave facts, and assumed a neutral position. In addressing, the public on the public argument essay, I changed the vision of my audience by using a convincing tone to make them support my views. I did this by narrowing my information to a shorter topic befitting my position. For instance, I detailed all the benefits of increasing fuel prices for purposes of controlling global warming. Moreover, the two audiences adopted distinct introductions. Indeed, I used facts and b ackground information to address the academic audience in the introduction of the second essay. Furthermore, the context of the information changed with the audience. For example, in the public argument essay, the context changed to only the benefits of increasing fuel prices. Actually, in this context, the demerits of increasing fuel prices for controlling global warming did not surface. Consequently, the context of my information had a direct connection with the purpose of the address. In fact, in my controversy, the purpose of the information.