Use of Magic Realism in Chronicle of a Death Foretold

Chronicle of a Death Foretold Chronicle of a Death Foretold is a perfect example of a novel that showcased cultural and contextual elements. The technique that was the most interesting in Garcia Marquez' novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold, was his use of magic realism. One magical element in the book is the use of dreaming. Dreaming is a constant theme throughout the novel. Chronicle of a Death Foretold, presents the reader with characters that have dreams, as these dreams are the primary sources of events that come true.Magical realism is portrayed through dreams which are used in the novel to see the predicted future, as in most cases, the dreams that we are presented with come true. Although dreaming is not something that is seen to be unrealistic, its the way the author provides truth to all dreams. Garcia Marquez allows the characters dreams to come true, which is the true source of unrealism. Another aspects was describing the upbringing of Angela Vicario and her siblings. Wom en are not allowed to get jobs or follow their own dreams; their lives are bounded by tradition and the expectation to get married and have families.A woman's worthiness as a wife was measured by her beauty. In those days, I believe marriage wasn't based on love. Through this book we are engulfed in the Colombian culture that Marquez demonstrates. Another theme we become aware of is honor. Chronicle of a Death Foretold consists of many different themes that can be recognized by the reader. It was interesting when Raza brought up â€Å"Machismo†. Machismo is a strong or exaggerated sense of manliness, sense of power, or the right to dominate. This theme in turn can be related to the theme of moral responsibility.In this novel the power to dominate is aimed towards women. Machismo, throughout the book is exaggerated to show the dominance of the male sex, and I believe the author felt that the sense of having a dominant sex, is purely based on culture, because in those times, wo men were considered to be inferior to men. Women were looked at as possessions. Knowing that women were forever to just get married, Marquez shows rebellion of the opposite sex by Angela Vicario showcasing her independence and breaking the barrier of the life she HAD to live, by not being a virgin.

Bowman Strategy Essay

1.0 Introduction Strategy is a long term directions for companies. Bennett (1996, cited by Cousins 2000) describes strategy as: â€Å"The word strategy is used to describe the direction that the organisation chooses to follow in order to fulfil its mission†. Today, strategies are vital for businesses, in many cases it helps to achieve a competitive advantage. Increasing competition in most sectors and technological development has led to accelerated changes in the global economy. In order to meet the market needs, strategies encourage and enable the adaptation of companies in a changing environment (Tribe, 2010). The aim of the report is to conduct a research on Bowman’s Strategy Clock which will demonstrate a rational, reflective and critical evaluation of the concept. To do so, the report is going to be divided in three parts. The first or the report part is going to give an overview of the Bowman’s strategy with its background. The second part will analyse the model and its different strategies by using example from companies. Then some authors’ opinions about the model will be analysed. 2.0 Bowman’s Strategy Clock 2.1 Strategy Overview In 1980 Michael Porter published his seminal book wherein he identified three generic strategies for a business to gain competitive advantage: cost leadership, product differentiation and market segmentation (Johnson et al., 2008). Basically, Porter analysed that business compete either on price (cost), on perceived value (differentiation), or by focusing on a very precise customer (market segmentation). Source: Eldring (2009) With his model, Porter (1980- cited in Eldring, 2009) explained that a company must choose between one of the three generic strategies otherwise it will be â€Å"stuck in the middle† and suffer from below-average performance. In 1996, Cliff Bowman and David Faulkner developed Bowman’s Strategy Clock Looking at Porter’s Generic strategies in a different way. This model extends Porter’s three strategic positions to eight. Figure 1 below, represents Bowman’s eight different strategies that are identified by varying levels of price and value. Figure 2: Bowman’s Strategy Clock Source: Johnson et al (2008) 2.2 Model explanation Bowman strategy is a competitive strategy. Competitive strategies are tools that businesses use to achieve competitive advantages (Johnson et al. 2005). The Bowman’s clock strategy is a more sophisticated approach, which recognizes and deals with certain criticisms of Porter’s model (Tiwari, 2009). For instance, as it has already been said, according to Porter generic model, a business has to choose one generic strategy are it means that the company is place in the middle which means being â€Å"dead†. However what Bowman believes is that a business can be both low cost and differentiated and still be successful over the long term, such as the companies Swatch, IKEA, Sainsbury and many others. In Bowman model, these companies are situated at the hybrid position, also known as combined strategy (Dobson et al. 2004). Figure 3 demonstrates that there are eight approaches on the clock in total. Meanwhile, these strategic positions can be grouped into three- risk strategies, low price strategies and differentiation strategies (Thomson & Banden-Fuller 2010, 184). Figure 3: Bowman’s Strategy Clock companies examples Source: (Thomson and Baden-Fuller, 2010: 184) To have a clear understanding of the eight different positions of Bowman’s Strategy clock, the author has decided to illustrate them with some companies’ examples. 2.2.1 Low Price Strategies Number 1 and 2 (No frills and Low price) on the clock are organisations who are going to position themselves in a part of the market which is looking for reasonable prices. The examples given are Ryanair and Easyjet. Indeed these two companies have managed to cut their costs by only focusing on their core service (every extras have to be paid by customers), also by using online bookings, and using secondary airports. The advantages of these two strategies are that the expectations of the customers who are choosing their services are very low because of the costs of the service/ products; they are more likely to be satisfied as figure 4 demonstrate it. Figure 4: Customers’ expectations Source: Cook (2008: 17) However the drawbacks of these two positions are that the only way to succeed here is through cost effectively selling quantity, and by constantly attracting new clients. These businesses will not be winning any customer loyalty contests, but they may be able to sustain themselves as long as they stay one step ahead of the consumer (Mindtools, 2012) 2.2.2 Differentiation Strategies From number 3 through number 5 (hybrid, differentiation and focused differentiation) are companies that are offering a customised product or service. The service or product is designed separately for each individual customer, and therefore customers are prepared to pay a price premium for that. The examples given is British Airways whose goal is to present better-quality service to its customers, stakeholders and employees alike (British Airways, 2010). A lot of companies in hospitality industry (such as 3 to 5 star hotels) would not try to compete on price; they would try to position themselves near position 4 or 5 on the model by offering something better, or improve a service. However in order to choose focused differentiation as strategy, businesses need to have a strong branding to make sure their customers are willing to pay a higher price for it. Strong brand have the power to capture consumer preference and loyalty (Armstrong, 2009). This is the reason why this strategy often takes place in the luxury segment. But it can also takes place in other segment such as technology, where for instance with the brand Apple. The company Apple has such strong brand images that according to a recent survey cited in Hughes (2011) consumers are extremely interested in the prospect of an Apple-branded television, that they are willing to pay a twenty percent premium over existing TV prices for such a device. Although it can be difficult for businesses to carry on the successful hybrid strategy due to the lower level of margins caused by the low costs products. As it has been mentioned earlier, companies that have both low cost and differentiated can sometimes be successful because they are quite difficult to compete against The value and quality is good and consumers are assured of reasonable prices. This combination builds customer fidelity. 2.2.3 Risk Strategies The strategies 6, 7 and 8 are called risk strategies because there is a high risk for failure when applying them within a business. For instance number 7, increasing price and keeping a low value product or service is only possible in a monopoly market situation and the customers have no choice else than to pay high price for poor value (Thomson and Baden-Fuller, 2010). However, in a competitive market, this approach remains unsustainable for long. Generally the companies arbitrarily increasing prices soon lose market share, as consumers migrate to competitors that offer the same value at lower prices. An example of a company in hospitality industry that was using high Increased price and standard values is the previous national airline of Belgium from 1923 to 2001 before its bankrupt (Castle, 2001). Regarding low value and increased price suggests Dwyer et al. (2010) that the night club cover charges as example. 2. 3 Model criticisms Although most of the researchers agree that it is an excellent model for companies to understand how to compete in the market place. Some remains sceptical regarding the position number 3 (hybrid). Simister (2011) believes that a differentiated, low cost hybrid position may be an achievable position only under certain conditions and that therefore it is not it is not applicable for every sector. The strategy clock can also lead to negative thinking and almost justify doing nothing for companies. The model’s strength is to consider competitive actions to possible moves in the clock but all of them could be damaging to business’ profit. Sometimes companies have to be ready to take a risk and make a decisive move because if they do not, another competitor will. . Conclusion The strategy clock represents a set of eight generic strategies for achieving competitive advantage: It is a very useful model to help understand how businesses compete in the market place. This is a powerful way of looking at how to establish and sustain a competitive position in a market driven economy. A competitive advantage is an advantage gained over competition by offering consumers superior value, either through lower prices or by providing additional benefits and service that justify similar, or higher, prices. By looking at the different combinations of price and perceived value, companies can begin to choose a position of competitive advantage that makes sense for them.

What Does it Take to Get into Fordham University?

Only 46% of Fordham University applicants are admitted. What does it take to get in? Founded in 1841 by the Catholic Diocese of New York, Fordham University is an acclaimed private research institution located in New York City. Fordham is a Jesuit, Catholic institution that is committed to both its founding religious values and the academic development of its student body. Additionally, the university and its students are fully engaged with its greater urban community—truly living up to the saying, New York is my campus. Fordham is my school.   With its rich history and dedication to excellence, Fordham is a top choice for many applicants around the world. However, with an acceptance rate of 46%, getting into Fordham is no guarantee. If you’re looking to contribute to Fordham’s vibrant community, keep reading for tips on how to craft a successful application. You can apply to Fordham University using The Common Application. For more information on The Common Application, check out our application guide, The Common App: Everything You Need to Know . Students may apply by November 1 for either Early Decision, Early Action or Priority Performance and by January 11 for Regular Decision.   There are specific commitment expectations associated with priority deadlines ; if you’re unsure about when you should apply, check out our post Early Action vs. Early Decision vs. Restricted Early Action for more insight. When applying, be sure to submit the following: Transfer applicants have a different set of deadlines and requirements. For more information, visit Fordham’s Transfer Admission page. With an undergraduate admissions rate of 46%, Fordham is moderately selective. In the fall of 2018, 46,164 students applied and 21,216 were admitted. Of those, approximately 2,260 students actually enrolled. Although admissions statistics can be intimidating, keep in mind that the strength of your individual application factors heavily into your personal chance of acceptance. Beyond strong grades and test scores, a well-crafted application can make all of the difference.   Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. As a research institution shaped by the dynamism of New York City, Fordham values applicants who are passionate and committed to taking their learning beyond the classroom—a true embodiment of their motto Sapienta et Doctrina, or wisdom and learning. Academic History. Fordham University expects prospective students to have taken at least 16 academic credits in the following areas: Potential for Success. Although your test scores are just one aspect of your application, they are reviewed in conjunction with your grades to predict your future success at Fordham. The middle 50% of admitted students from the class of 2022 had SAT scores that ranged from 1310-1450 and ACT scores that ranged from 29-33. If you are interested in a particular area of study, keep in mind that there may be specific standardized test score â€Å"cutoffs†Ã¢â‚¬â€take a look at Fordham’s Test Scores page for more information. As demonstrated by their active Office of Multicultural Affairs , Fordham is truly dedicated to fostering a diverse community of leaders and learners. That being said, take the opportunity to let admissions know how your unique life experience and perspective will positively contribute to the greater Fordham community. Avoid wasting time by listing generic facts and figures about the university in essay. Remember, the essays are meant to provide admissions with a better understanding of who you are. A commitment to giving back has been integral to Fordham’s mission since its inception. Each year, Fordham students log over a million hours of community service. With this in mind, it is important to demonstrate to admissions that you are also dedicated to community engagement through your continued involvement in meaningful extracurriculars.    Participating in community service should never feel like checking off another box on list of college applications to-do’s. The key is to first find a cause you’re passionate about, and then get involved. A little over half of all applicants to Fordham University aren’t admitted, so don’t take a rejection to heart. If you are still set on becoming a Fordham Ram, you can always transfer in, but keep in mind that admissions are normally just as competitive the second time around. It can be difficult to find contentment in your backup choice after rejection, but there are many great-fit schools out there. One of the best ways to proceed is to maximize your experience at another university; if you still want to transfer after a year or two, you can then consider it. Getting into Fordham University is no easy feat, but you can definitely improve your chances by building a strong academic foundation and giving back to the community in an intentional way. If you would like more tailored advice on your admissions profile, our College Applications Program helps students navigate the applications process with insight from successful mentor at a top school. We help every step of the way, from creating a strong school list to preparing for interviews.  

Qualitative Research Methods Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Qualitative Research Methods Assignment - Essay Example Meanwhile, Cox (2003) discovered that intrapersonal, intragroup, and intergroup conflict have negative impacts on work satisfaction and team effectiveness. On the other hand, Gilson, et al. (2005) found out that standardization is capable of influencing the relationship between creativity and team effectiveness. Research Question and Setting Cognizant of the differences in perceptions of team effectiveness, this qualitative study will attempt to address the research question: Do the perceptions of team effectiveness of selected members of virtual teams in INT Corporation EMEA closely approximate the theoretical components of team effectiveness? A qualitative research is deemed most appropriate for this study because the study intends to explore attitude and behaviours by obtaining in-depth opinions from the respondents of the study (Dawson, 2004). Needless to say, therefore, that the setting will be INT Corporation EMEA. Sampling and Data Gathering Since interviews will take much lon ger than a questionnaire survey, a qualitative research can not accommodate as many respondents as a survey. Sample size was determined using randomised parameters: (1) margin of error of 7%; (2) confidence level of 90% (3) company population of 60,000; and (4) response distribution of 10%. The minimum required sample size is 50. However, selection of respondents will not anymore be randomised, but through purposive sampling. Dane (2011) describes purposive sampling as the selection of sampling elements grounded on characteristics of interest for the study, which in this case is, membership in a virtual team. Purposive sampling does not involve probability sampling, but combining sampling procedures in this regard are allowed and practiced according to Teddlie and Tashakkori (2009). Data for the study will be collected using one of the most common methods of qualitative research – a semi-structured interview using an interview guide as the main instrument of the study. A semi -structured interview may be described as one which â€Å"consists of predetermined questions related to the domains of interest, administered to a representative sample of respondents to confirm study domains and identify factors, variables or attributes of variables for analysis or use in a survey† (Schensul, et al., 1999, p. 149). The study can benefit from semi-structured interviews since this data gathering procedure harmonises the flexibility of unstructured or open-ended interviews and the directionality of the survey questionnaire, capable of generating focused qualitative data. The best thing about a semi-structured interview is that the questions are formulated before the actual interview, but the answers are open-ended and may be expanded based on the discretion of the interviewer. The main limitation of interview as a data-gathering technique is the time required to conduct the interview. This is usually offset by using a smaller number of respondents. Hence, in-d epth information can be gathered from the respondents or interviewees. In this study, perceptions of team effectiveness will be categorised into five areas, namely: atmosphere, relationships, communication, direction and objectives. Five main questions corresponding to the five categories named will be included in the interview guide. These questions are: 1. How will you describe the

Literary theory and literary criticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literary theory and literary criticism - Essay Example These different lenses allow critics to consider works of art based on some assumptions within that school of theory. In addition, these lenses enable critics on particular aspects of work they consider vital. For instance, a critic working on Marxist theory might focus on how the characters in a story interact based on their economic situation; while a critic working on post-colonial theory might consider the same story but look at how characters from colonial powers treat those from the colonies (Makaryk, 77). Over time, different literature schools of literary criticism have developed, each with its own approaches to the act of reading (Davis, 66). New criticism assumes that the literary work is autonomous. This autonomy is a concept that can be explicated so as to discover its organic unity and the relationship between medium and message. Although critics, philosophers, authors and educators have been writing since ancient times, contemporary schools of literary theory have coher ed from these discussions and now influence how scholars look at and write about literature. This section focuses on the focuses on the major schools of literary criticism (Davis, 98). 1) Formalist approach Formalist approach was developed as a response to the 19th century confusion that marked the work of literature and biography, morality or philosophy (Culler, 109). It entails an explicit look at the components of a work which helps an individual to enter a text even if the he does not agree with the method’s aesthetic, apolitical, disinterested, reserved judgment concerning the content. This is a literacy criticism method that not only applies to texts but also to movies (Culler, 19). The following is the basic structure of analyzing a literary content using formalist approach, specifically through answering these basic questions: a) Plot, narrative line and plain sense Is there any action? How important is the action and why? What is the nature and significance of the ac tion? Is the overall structure of the movie appropriate to the content? And is the action compressed, large and diffuse or episodic? What is the basic plot structure? Is it melodramatic, dramatic, impasse, linear or a variation or a combination or assault on these forms? And why? How is the conflict created? What is the nature of the conflict? Why? What is the meaning of the story line? Is the plot probable or plausible? b) Character (s) What is the motivation structure of the character? What roles are played by the minor characters, if any? Are the characters individuals or types? Why? Is there existence of character contrasts or parallels? c) Special effects Who tells the story? Is there a characteristic use of language? What is the language of the author? General, plain, metaphorical, precise, effusive, repetitious, economical, realistic and naturalistic? What role is played by the setting, physical description or dramatic scene play? Is there an existence of deep structure such as mythic or archetypal modes that underlies the surface of the work? d) Emotional effects What emotional effects occur? To what extend? What is the relationship of the emotional response to the plot or situation and characters 2) Reader-Response Criticism The literary criticism theory was developed in the early 1960s and has been applicable up to the present. The most known proponents of this theory include; Peter Rabinowitz, Stanley Fish, Elizabeth Freund, David Bleich, Normal Holland, Louise Rosenblatt, Wolfgang Iser and Hans Rober Jauss (Davis, 22). Basically, reader-response criticism considers readers/viewers reaction to literature as vital to interpreting the meaning of

How effective was development of the Europe economic in 1500 CE Research Paper

How effective was development of the Europe economic in 1500 CE - Research Paper Example The idea of states with a standing army and bureaucratic process began to take root, and this changed the world’s perspective of Europe. This paper will elaborate on the development of Europe economy in 1500 AD and illustrate how this period saw the advancement of technology by great inventions such as gunpowder, relatively advanced ships, improved navigation techniques, and the printing press would be the premise of change in Europe. Changes in Social Structure The chaos of the late middle Ages did not equally affect the inhabitants of Europe. Advancement in military technology and better pikemen in the battlefield challenged the dominance of the knights in battle; the title of being a noble began to reduce in value and stature. The Economic challenges of the Middle Ages saw an increased in labor shortages and this translated to higher prices of commodities (Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson 57). The wealth belonging to the people In nobility was cut into by the high inflation o f that time, and this was due to the static value of land which was the base of their wealth. A large number of peasants in Europe had attained the capacity to purchase their freedom from their lords; they began to pay a fixed amount of rent instead of paying them with labor. Due to the high inflation, the rent paid by the tenants was insufficient to satisfy their needs and therefore the value of nobility declined. Not all nobles were affected by inflation; some nobles sought employment from the king and were taken on to join the army or work as courtiers. A good number of people lost their nobility status from having involving themselves with agriculture and commerce like the middle class. Despite the loss in value, nobles were still held in high standing in society; for that reason, the now wealthy middle class began buying nobility titles from the king, surrendering their business oriented lives, settling in landed in landed estates. The provision of buying nobility titles enable d the noble class to be replenished despite its rapidly dwindling numbers. Western Europe did not have any peasants by 1500, most of the former peasants owned their own land by that time. In addition to that, the middle class was getting higher due to their increasing wealth and the positions held in the Kingdom. Recovery of the Economy Europe’s economic rebirth happened on the foundation of agriculture. The aftermath of the conflicts in the middle ages weakened the nobles and the church that had great influence on economic activities. The reduced influence of the church and nobles led to the emergence of well-structured monarchies in Western Europe that safeguarded peace encouraging the growth of commerce and trade. Peasant s that had not lost their lives in the Black Death inherited land belonging to the deceased and were able to improve their standards of living. Agricultural production standards rapidly rose due to the fact the former peasants worked on their own land and this motivated them to work harder than they did before. The improved standards of living and food security fueled an increase in population; it is estimated that the population rose to 70 million from 50 million fifty years earlier (Janssen 89). The economic recovery had a great trickle-down effect that cumulated to the creation of capitalist economic system. The effects were: 1. The rapid population growth had the implication that

Morrison Supermarket LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Morrison Supermarket LTD - Essay Example All these and many other distinguishing features have helped the Morrisons to grow over the years (Morrisons, 2010). As the scale of operations continue to grow bigger for the Morrisons, the stakes tend to get higher; with such an expanded business setup, the decision makers at the company believe that they are exposed to certain degree of risks as well. According to them, if there is some incident that interrupts their manufacturing or distribution units, it might overall affect the flow of business (Morrisons, 2010). Further, the operating systems used by most of the company members are at the verge of completing their age, in this way the company will have to devise a new IT policy along with replacement of old systems, with the new ones (Morrisons, 2010). With respect to the exceptional growth attained by the Morrisons in the last five years, the company has decided to expand its business. Some of the future goals that the company has set for itself include establishing of a nation-wide distribution chain all over UK; an increase of 1.5 million square foot of selling space; improved access for the customers (Morrisons, 2010). Keeping these growth objectives intact, the company wants to maintain a highly skilled operating team that could ensure corporate social framework. The company wants to maximize its profits by establishing cost effective production units, and gaining direct access to agricultural produce. Moreover, the use of environmental friendly operations is among the key objectives for the success of the company in future. Expansion of the business by devising sound IT policy has become inevitable, so the company considers E-marketing as opportunity for enhancement of services (Morrisons, 2010). The perception of customers about a particular brand evolves with the experience they gain after using or consuming products/services offered by a

What were the reason for, waht are the clained advantages of, the Essay

What were the reason for, waht are the clained advantages of, the adoption in Australia of international financial reporting standards(IFRSs) - Essay Example This will be a more adaptive way of comparing financial information not just within Australian companies but the Australian corporate sector with the international corporations. along with comparison, it will also make the allocation of capital across borders more efficient. Furthermore, different arrays of national standards which are a lot different in their functionality, on its own places a high cost on capital markets. a constant portion of these costs is directly put on the companies who have to meet the multiple standards to raise capital in different markets. the IRFS bears the answer to provide relief for both corporate governance and the stakeholders (Antill & Lee, 2005). In today’s global world, economic relations with other countries are increasing at a much faster rate than before and especially for Australia where foreign trade is much more than the GDP. This has resulted in a substantial increase in the number of different multinational corporations out of Australia, and many of these companies have their focus on Asian markets among others for their revenues. Furthermore, as these economies themselves develop this makes it even more relevant for IFRS to be adopted in Australia (Nobes, 2006). In these global markets, the IFRS gives investors a more clear view of the companies as barriers to international financial investment have fallen in markets around the world. These investors can now trade securities of these Australian multinational companies without any constraints. Moreover, these investors may be pretty much responsible for trading of almost half of all the shares of the companies which are floated in the Australian market (Nobes, 2006). As cross-border financial investment increases, capital markets become more dependent on each other. This means that shocks felt in one market reverberate around

UNIT 1 DB HEALTHCARE POLICY AND ECONOMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

UNIT 1 DB HEALTHCARE POLICY AND ECONOMICS - Essay Example The governor’s office however makes decreed policies that can be regulated by state judiciaries and legislatures. The role of the state government in healthcare policymaking is however limited to federal government’s policies (Teitelbaum, and Wilensky, 2012) Federal government plays a major role in policymaking, especially in health care. This is because state governments are subjected to federal policies. The role of the federal government in policymaking is majorly through Congress’ legislations, though the president also plays a significant role in federals government policymaking through approving legislated policies from congress and through issuing ordered policies to government agencies. Such policies are however subject to Congress’ checks (Teitelbaum, and Wilensky, 2012). The federal and state governments therefore play the roles of generating possible policies and legislating on them for approvals. The executive branch of the governments also issue ordered policies. The federal government however has a wider role in policy making than the federal government that is subjected to

Florida Emergency Response Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Florida Emergency Response Plan - Essay Example However, the question is now to judge whether what is on paper is as good when it is tested by nature. Based on the experience of Hurricane Andrew, the federal government and its local counterparts have implemented the need to formulize specific plans and operating procedures to cope with these calamities but the Andrew experience has now been overshadowed by another Hurricane. Katrina hit the Bahamas, South Florida, Cuba, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida Panhandle, and most of eastern North America on August of 2005 costing the US almost 82 billion in damages and the lives of 1836 people ("Hurricane Katrina", 2006). This happened after the requirement of each state to have its own emergency response systems and the institution by the federal governing bodies solely focused on did after preparation and mitigation. The devastation brought on by Hurricane Katrina most recently has further emphasized the need to have these disaster plans carefully examined, updated and monitored . The Florida Fire Chiefs' Association has created the FFCA Statewide Emergency Plan (SERP) is an effort to coordinate and mitigate response during emergencies. It is not limited to situations brought on by hurricanes that frequent the state but also provides standard operating procedures for various types of emergencies either brought by natural or contrived circumstances. It is based on a collective of experience from emergency services and the methods that have been established during the ordinary course of their service. The FFCA SERP covers local, county, state and federal level of intervention that delegates primary accountability with the lowest level of government and assistance can be requested following the same hierarchy the apex being Florida Division of Emergency Management (DEM)Assessment of damages or calamity costs is evaluated by the Rapid Impact Assessment Teams(RIAT) which will also be the basis of declarations of state of emergency by the Governor which will in turn initiate the State Emergency Operations Center (SEOC) that will serve as the coordinating body of county-based emergency operations centers. In the event that local and state resources prove to be inadequate, the Governor may seek the assistance of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). At the same time, existing government agencies may be asked to extend their functions as may be required by the situation. The other key elements that have been established through FFCA-SERP are deployment time frames, pre-identified strike teams, and pre-staged resources. Another key element to the plan is the considerable focus on the pre and post event concerns. As preparation for any event it is a requirement that a proper assessment of anticipated needs, both supplies and services, is done and that each level shall consider these as current requirements. However, even if emergency response primary follows a hierarchy, counties are encouraged to support and coordinate with each other closely at all times. Consequently, the manner of dealing with reimbursements, service rates of personnel, equipment rates and other expenses, has already been established. Disasters and Realities It has been claimed that Hurricane Andrew laid bare the

Pythagorean Quadratic Essay Example for Free

Pythagorean Quadratic Essay The Pythagorean Theorem was termed after Pythagoras, who was a well-known Greek philosopher and mathematician, and the Pythagorean Theorem is one of the first theorems identified in ancient civilizations. â€Å"The Pythagorean theorem says that in any right triangle the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs is equal to the square of the length of the hypotenuse† (Dugopolski, 2012, p. 366 para. 8). For this reason, many builders from various times throughout history have used this theorem to assure that their foundations were laid out with right angles. In this assignment, we will use the example of locating a treasure using two different treasure maps as the two points needed to determine how many paces it will take to find the exact location to start digging for treasure. For this assignment, we are given instructions to solve problem number 98 from page 371 in Elementary and Intermediate Algebra, which states that Ahmed’s treasure map specifies that the treasure can be found 2x +6 steps from Castle Rock and Vanessa’s half indicates to walk x steps heading north, then 2x + 4 steps toward the east (Dugopolski, 2012). We need use the Pythagorean Theorem to figure out what variable x would be if they were to work together and combine their information. The Pythagorean Theorem indicates that a right triangle has legs with the length of a and b and the longest side of the triangle, the hypotenuse, as the length of c. Thus, the relationship with these lengths is the short equation of a2 + b2 = c2 The issue now is that one of the answers is extraneous, because it does not satisfy this specific scenario. The reason for this is that logically we would not take negative steps to reach a certain point or in a geometric situation, we cannot move a negative distance (Dugopolski, 2012). This means that -2 will not work for this equation, so the only answer we are left with is x = 10 paces. In summary, Vanessa’s portion of the map tells us that the treasure is located 10 paces north and 2x + 4 = 2(10) + 4= 24 paces east of Castle Rock. While Ahmed’s map tells us to take 2x + 6 = 2(10) + 6= 26 paces heading directly towards the rock. The Pythagorean Theorem is a very useful tool when we have a right-angled triangle and know the lengths of at least two sides, because it enables us to determine the length of the third side. On television, many of us have seen how important determining the trajectory of a bullet is to a crime scene, so it would be extremely critical to understand this theorem if your career was as a crime scene investigators. Another career that uses this theorem is an architect who would use this for a home’s triangular rooftop. One of the more commonly every day uses is with navigation, although many of us simply rely on our navigational systems, we could still pinpoint our location if we have two points to start with. ? Reference Dugopolski, M. (2012). Elementary and Intermediate Algebra (4th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Publishing.

Continuity and Change in Chinese Nationalist Ideology World War I to Present Essay Example for Free

Continuity and Change in Chinese Nationalist Ideology World War I to Present Essay Since the beginning of the First World War to the present, nationalist ideology within China has caused change and continuity in several aspects of this nation’s society. One major change in China from the First World War to the present is its foreign relations with other countries due to factors such as communism and neocolonialism. Although China has changed in this way, it has remained one united nation despite foreign invasion and other internal/external conflicts. In the early 1900s, China was a state of continual civic and revolutionary unrest. As support for revolutionary efforts began to spread, China shifted from a monarchy to a republic. However, this rule didn’t last long as warlords within the nation began establishing themselves as regional or provincial rulers. This helped lead to the deterioration of Chinese society. Another factor leading away from a centralized state was fragmented relations with foreign powers. Since the 1900s, a network of foreign control over the Chinese economy had been established by the unequal treaties, which effectively prevented economic development within China. These treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners to intervene in Chinese society and not control the state, but impair its sovereignty. After the First World War, nationalism began to develop rapidly in China. China eagerly looked to the U. S. government to support the elimination of the treaty systems and the full restoration of Chinese sovereignty. However, when the U. S. approved increasing Japanese interference in China, this sparked the May Fourth Movement. Chinese people protested Japanese interference and began to re-establish national unity. As China began shifting from a divided sphere of influence to a dominant world power, it also became more influenced by communism. During the Second World War, the majority of concern to combat communism was in the Soviet Union. While this was taking place we, the U. S. , neglected to aid the efforts of Jiang Jieshi, who sought to unify the nation of China and bring the conflicts of nationalism and communism to an end. In his place, Jiang Jieshi leaves behind a void of power. Communist leader, Mao Zedong stepped up to fill this void. He like many other rulers in China used the Mandate of Heaven to justify his rise to power and take control of China. In 1949, Mao started the Red Revolution, a revolutionary effort to spread communism in China. Communism soon overpowered the nationalist party as the main ruling party. Mao also aimed to make China a self-reliant, isolated nation. However in doing so, China could not economically support itself or its communist views. In the 1970s the People’s Republic of China began large, radical economic reforms forcing the country to become one of the most capitalistic nations in the world. China quickly added itself to the global economy by opening its borders to the trade of various nations. China soon became the economic power that it is today and despite all the turmoil that has occurred from the First World War to the present, China has remained one united nation. From the past to the present, the ideology behind Chinese nationalism has been in a constant state of change. The shift in government and foreign relations throughout the world has been a major source of China’s nationalism. Although these foreign relations are constantly changing, China has remained a unified nation.

main elements constituting a vaild contract

main elements constituting a vaild contract The word law has been given many definitions. The higher being is the state and the inferior being is the individual. The sanctions or punishments include imprisonment, fines, damages and injunctions. In our country Malaysia, Federal Constitution declares itself as the supreme law of the Federation. Hence, to put it modestly, law may be defined as a body of rules which are enforced by the state. Furthermore, law save from harm the basic individual rights and freedom such as liberty, equality and freedom of speech. It avoid individuals in powerful positions from taking an unreasonable advantage of other people and ensures a harmless and peaceful society, in which individual rights are conserved, law has develops as the norms and needs of society changes. Malaysia practices Parliamentary democracy with Constitutional Monarchy, wherein the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong (King) is the Paramount Ruler. The constitution of Malaysia divides the authority of the Federation into three branches, namely Legislative, Administrative or Executive and Judiciary. Definition for question 1 Contracts are not only applicable to business but are also part of our everyday life. A contract is made out of the simple act of purchasing a newspaper, using a credit card to buy a dress or paying a parking fee. Other contracts such as the sale and purchase of property are additional complex, requiring formal written documents. Law, is merely anxious with the fulfillment of certain conditions by the parties so that the transactions can be standard as legally binding agreement and enforceable. Section 2(h) of CA 1950 states that an agreement enforceable by law is a contract. The strongest contract, in terms of enforceability, has an offer, acceptance, consideration for the exchange, clearly sets out the terms of the agreement without doubt, and is signed by the involved parties with appropriate capacity to enter into the contract. Hence, a contract can be defined as an agreement the law between two or pre parties to do or to abstain from doing some act/acts, their intention being to create legal relation and not purely to exchange mutual promise to give something of value as consideration for any benefits derived form the agreement. Thus each of the parties to a contract wants or needs something the other party has in its power to give, and each of the parties is willing to give up something of in order to make safe what the other party has. Basic Elements of a Valid Contract an Overview From the definition above, it may be concluded that the basis of a contract is agreement between parties. As such, the existence of other elements is also required to allow an agreement to transform into a contract and make it enforceable in law. For a valid contract, the basic elements that need to exist are: Agreement (comprising offer and acceptance): The existence of an offer and an acceptance are a means of analyzing the process of negotiation to decide whether a contract has been made and if so, when it was made. Mutual assent of the parties is the basic of an agreement. Consideration: This is the value given by the parties for the promise that is being made. Usually consideration takes the form of money, property and services. Capacity: Only parties who have capacity are able to enter the intro a valid and enforceable contract. Persons who are under age of have serious mental disability do not have legal capacity to enter into contract. Consent: If the parties do not enter onto the agreement willingly, the agreement could be regarded as invalid. Genuine consent into a contract can be affected by a number of issues. For examples, during the contractual negotiations, there may have been: Undue influence Mistake as to the terms and identify of the person Misrepresentation Unconscionable conduct Duress or coercion. Certainty: All the terms of a contract should be clear and precise such that the parties know that they are agreeing to. Legality: any agreement to violate the law or any agreement forbidden by law is void. Contracts are illegal for two reasons: firstly, because their object is illegal: secondly, because although the object is perfectly legal, the manner of making it is against the law. Figure of basic elements of a valid contract: Formation of a contract Certainty Legality Consent Intention to create legal relations Capacity Consideration Agreement Offer Acceptance Agreement, the parties must agree on the rights and obligation to be created under the contract. Agreement that is reached through a process of offer and acceptance is a primary part of any contact because it requires consents ad idem, the meeting of the minds of the parties ingoing into the contract. For example the model case was Affin Credit (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd v Yap Yuen Fui (1984), the Federal Court held that where there was no offer and acceptance, the purported hire-purchased agreement was declare void ab initio, and the agreement was void from the beginning. Thus it can be seen that agreement forms the basic of contract if there is no valid agreement to begin with, there can no be no valid contract at all. It is important that an agreement determine a contractual relationship, which means that it is essential for the parties to be able to define when an offer has been made and when the offer has been accepted. Offer proposal, also under the agreement, the person making the of fer or proposal is called the promisor or offeror. The person to whom the proposal or offer is being made to is recognized as the promisee or offeree. If this person accepts the offer, then he is also called the acceptor. An offer is referred to in s 2(a) of CA 1950 as a proposal which is made when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence. Acceptance, for a contract to be valid, there must be a proper acceptance by the offeree. Section 2(b) of CA 1950 provides that when by offeree signifies his assent to the offer, the offer is said to be accepted. Rules of a valid acceptance, if the acceptance of any promise is made in words, the promise is said to be express, and if the acceptance is made other than in words, the promise is said to be implied: s 9, CA 1950. Intention to create legal relations, an agreement reached between an offeror and an offeree will be a legally binding contract only if the parties intended that they should be legally bound. The parties intention to be bound can be specifically stated or be implied from their actions. Where intention is expressly stated, the courts would not impure otherwise unless there is strong evidence to prove the contrary. In social and domestic agreements between family and friends, there is a presumption that these agreements are not meant to be legally binding unless the contrary can be proven. In Balfour v Balfour (1919), the husband went to work in Ceylon and agreed to pay his wife 30 per month. He didnt pay the money and the wife sued. It was held that there was no contract because the parties didnt intend to create a legal relationship. In business and commercial agreements, which are more formal in nature; there is presumption that there is intention to create legal relations. Also, the intention to exclude legal consequences must be see out clearly in unambiguous words. The onus of proof is on the party who alleges that no legal effect is intended. Edwardss v Skyways (1964), the plaintiff who was a pilot was made redundant by the defendant. Ha had been informed by his pilots association that he would be given an ex gratia payment. The defendant failed to pay to pilot sued. The defendant argued that use of the words ex gratia. The court held that this agreement related to business matters and was presumed to be binding and the defendants had failed to rebut this presumption. Capacity to contract, in order to have a valid contract all parties to a contract must have capacity to enter into a contract. Capacity refers to the legal ability to go through into a contract and the law generally assumes that everyone has capacity to contract except certain categories of persons. Section 11 of CA 1950 presents that every person is competent to contract who are of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, of sound mind and not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. Certainty, agreements that are not certain in meaning or which the meaning is not capable of being made certain are void; s 30, CA 1950. The terms of an agreement ought to obvious, precise and certain. It cannot be vague. An agreement which is ambiguous and uncertain is not capable of being accepted as a valid contract. In Karuppan Chetty v Suah Thiam (1916), the contract was declared void as the phrase to last for last long as he likes carries uncertain definition. Legality, even where all the requirements of a valid contract discussed above the present, a contract may be illegal and thus unenforceable. Section 24 of CA 1950 further provides that the following consideration and objects are unlawful such as, it is forbidden by law and nature as to beat any law. In addition, it is fraudulent and involves or implies injury to person or property of another and the court regards it as dishonest, or opposed to public policy. Such agreements might be regarded as void. Consent, although all the elements of formation may be present rendering the contact valid, in certain circumstances if genuine consent is nit obtained, and then there can be no agreement and no contract between the parties. Even if consent is given, it may not have been freely given. Section 14 of CA 1950 states that consent is no free when it is result of coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, and mistake. Conclusion: In this subject, I had learned a lot of legal things. At the end of this question, I had been search out to identify the essential elements required to figure a simple and valid contract, and the factors that can influence its validity and how to recognized when agreements has been legally binding. Its very effective for our future when we had starts a business. Definition of question 2 Remedies that are existed for breach of contract would depend on the gravity of the effect and impact of the breach. The types of remedies that are available are such as rescission of contract, the contract is annulled and both sides are excused form further performance and any money advanced is returned. Secondly is the damages, an equitable quantum of money is paid to the plaintiff to compensate for any loss. Thirdly goes to specific performance, a court order requiring performance exactly as specified in the contract. This remedy is unusual, except in real estate transactions and other unique property, as the courts do not want to get elaborate with monitoring performance. As a final point, injunction is a court order directing one party to perform or to refrain doing a certain act. It is used more than ever in situations where a monetary award for damages would not satisfy a plaintiffs claim or would not protect personal or property right from irreparable harm. A remedy is very i mportant and critical in the legal relations. Remedies What are remedies? Remedies are when a party to a contract unjustifiably fails to declines to perform his part of the contract; the other party has a right of legal action. The methods which are given by the law to an innocent party by which he may enforce a right or redress an injury are called remedies. Remedies that are available for breach of contract would depend on the consequence and impact of the breach. Probable remedies are such as rescission of contract, damages, specific performance, and injunction. Equitable remedies are generally remedies other than the payment of damages. This would include such remedies as obtaining an injunction, or requiring specific performance a contract. To begin with rescission of contract, on a breach of a condition of a contract, the injured party may treat the contract as at an end (or rescinded) and refused to perform or implement his part of the contract. When one party to a contract has refused to perform, or disabled himself from performing his promise in its entirety, the promisee may put an end to the contract, unless he has signified, by words or conduct, his acquiescence in its continuance; s 40, CA 1950. A person who rightly rescinds a contract is also entitled to damages under s 76, CA 1950. Next, are damages? Section 76 of CA 1950 provides that the injured party or the party that has suffered loss has a right to compensation for the loss or damaged suffered, payable to the breach of contract and the aim of damages is to put the innocent party into a position he would have been, had the contract been performed. Such as compensatory or ordinary damages, these are damages that are given to be party who has suffered loss caused by the breach of contract. The general position with regard to damages for breach of contract is that damages may be improved as long as they are not too remote. In the other words, damages might only be recovered in the relevant losses for example arise naturally as a result of the breach or dont take place naturally but are losses which are parties knew, at the time they made the contract, would be probable result of the breach. This principle stems form the decision in Hedley v Baxendale (1854) and is also provided in s 74(1) of CA 1950. How many kind of damages that under damaged? For example, exemplary damages, liquidated damages, and nominal damages, and so on. Start with the exemplary damages, these damages are damages that required and/or awarded by the court when the defendants willful acts were malicious, violent, oppressive, fraudulent, wanton, or grossly reckless. These damages are awarded both as a punishment and to set a public example. Although often requested, exemplary damages are infrequently awarded. Next to liquidated damages, liquidated damages are monetary compensation whose amount the parties agree upon during the formation of a contract for the injured party to pull together as compensation if a specific breach occurs. Damages can be liquidated in a contract only if the injury is either uncertain or difficult to quantity, or it would be difficult to prove the loss, or it would be difficult to find another adequate remedy. Hence, the amount is reasonable and is considered the actual or anticipated harm ca used by the contract breach, and the damages are structured to function as damages, not as a penalty. Hence, of the above criteria are not met, a liquidated damages clause will be void. After that is turned to nominal damages. Nominal damages are damages which consist of a small amount of cash payment which the court orders to paid to the plaintiff who has suffered to quantifiable pecuniary loss. The award serves as a token of honor to the rights of the plaintiff. Nominal damages is habitually sought to obtain to legal record of who was at fault. Specific performance, specific performance is an equitable remedy. It is a specialized remedy used by the courts when no other remedy (such as money) will adequately compensate the injured party. In addition, specific performance is not a typical remedy. If a legal remedy will put the injured party in the position he would have enjoyed had the contract been fully performed, then the court will use that opportunity to instead. The most common courts grant specific performance is that the subject of the contract is exclusive. For example, Donald offers to sell Belle his beachfront house and Belle accepts. Donald subsequently decides to keep the house. Since there is no other house exactly like Donalds house, Belle may be entitled to specific performance of the contract and the court may compel Donald to sell the house. Some more, specific performance is governed by the Specific Relief Act 1950. Section 11 of Specific Relief Act 1950 provides the circumstances when a court may grant spe cific performance: Where the act agreed to be done is in performance, wholly or partly, of a trust. These exists no standard for ascertaining the actual damage caused by non performance of the act agreed to be done. Where pecuniary performance is an inadequate relief. Where pecuniary relief cannot be obtained for the breach. Sections 20 and 21 of Specific Relief Act 1950 state that specific performance cannot be granted where damages are granted, the terms of the contract are uncertain, there is evidence of fraud and the performance of the contract would involve hardship on the defendant. Injunction, an injunction is an order of the court restraining a person from doing a specific act in the future. It is granted only when it is just and equitable to do so having regard to all the circumstances of the case. Specific relief Act 1950, section 50 of Specific Relief Act 1950 provides that it is a preventive relief granted at the discretion of the courts. In respect of contracts, an injunction may be sought to prevent a party from committing a breach of contract. For example, the court may order that a seller be restrained from selling land to anyone else when the seller has contracted to sell that land to the plaintiff. A court may award damages to an injured party either in addition to, or in substitution for, an order of injunction. Quantum meruit, quantum meruit determines the amount to be paid for services, when no contract exists (a doctor giving emergency aid), or where the parties to a contract have failed to agree on a price, and so on. If there is an existing contract for a stipulated amount and the mode of compensation for services, the plaintiff cannot abandon the contract and resort to an action for quantum meruit. For example, if a person sues for payment for services in such circumstances, the court will calculate the amount due based on time and usual rate of pay or the customary charge, based on quantum meruit by implying a contract existed. Conclusion: For the end of this question, I had learned about the significant and important of the remedies in the legal relations. In this question, I can find out and understand the exchange of benefits and obligations between the parties, which makes the agreement enforceable. Furthermore, students also can consider and evaluate the factors that influence the availability of compensation for losses suffered from breach of contractual obligations and identify the described remedies other than damages which may be available to the victims of a breach of contract.

In this cold generation :: essays papers

In this cold generation In this cold generation, called "Generation X," where young men and women find themselves lost wondering what to do with their life, finding a passion for something, a passion that rules your life, is very important. I found out in my interview with Phil Gervais that unlike many of his generation he has a direction. He looks like any other 18 year old, but he is different because in some way he has what many of us lack: he knows what he wants. He wants to become a firefighter. Phil has found a passion that rules his life. Phil is pursuing a major in Social Rehabilitation but as soon as he finishes college, he will apply for a job with the Fire Department in his hometown of Ware Massachusetts. How did Phil develop this passion? Phil's desire to become a firefighter is an inherited trait because for generations many members of his family served as firefighters. This family legacy remarkably influenced Phil's choices in life. His grandfather Ernie, an emigrant from Canada, became the first one to enroll as a volunteer firefighter. Then his father, his uncle and finally his aunt all became firefighters. Phil used to go with his father when he answered his fire calls. While accompanying his father in 1992, a time when Phil was only 8 years old, he saw a victim of a fire for the first time. His first encounter with a dead person did not discourage him from the idea of becoming a firefighter. How did it happen? One afternoon he went with his father to the scene of a fire and there he suddenly saw in the middle of the floor a dead body of one of the victims of the fire. Partially covered with a blanket, Phil could only see a few burned spots on the hands. Nevertheless, he was not scared. While accompanying his father on many fire calls, Phil heard many terrible noises and he felt the heat of the fire. He saw tragic sights such as the dead body on many occasions. These scenes became commonplace during his childhood. Now eighteen years old, Phil works as a volunteer firefighter in his hometown. Only last week he was able to put his training to practice in a real fire call.

The Probability of a Major Hurrican Hitting New Orleans :: essays research papers

The Probability of a Major Hurricane Hitting New Orleans   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Table of Contents Executive Summary  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Hypothesis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 Analysis & Method  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 References  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 Appendix  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 Executive Summary New Orleans, Louisiana lies at the second lowest elevation among major cities in the United States. It is a city surrounded by water, making it almost like an island. To counter this dangerous combination of the low elevation along with the lakes, rivers and swamps surrounding it, the Army Corps of Engineers built a series of levees around the city to foster its protection. It is these very same levees however that might doom the city should a Category 3 hurricane ever hit. Our statistical analyses examined the current belief that there is a 39% probability that New Orleans will be hit by a major hurricane and based on the resulting Z-score, rejected that belief. We did find however that the probability, while not 39%, was still in the 30th percentile range, which should still be a major cause for concern among the leaders and residences of the city of New Orleans. Introduction New Orleans is a city that is rich in culture as well as history. The city is in effect, an island – Lake Pontchartrain surrounds the city to the north, the Mississippi River to the west and south, and a bevy of lakes – including Lake Borne to the east. Surrounding the city is a series of levees to keep these bodies of water at bay. In addition to these levees, the only defense the city has is a series of canals and a very antiquated pumping system. However, the same levees that protect the city, makes it a death trap should a major hurricane make a direct hit to the metropolitan area. The risk of intense flooding brought forth by storm surges of 20+ feet would wipe the city out. New Orleans was founded to be a port to the world – with its intersection at the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico, it was a great location for world trade. However, it was also a cesspool of disease, floods, and other problems. Despite this, the city was a major economic powerhouse and the city grew and prospered despite of the problems. As the city expanded, swampland was reclaimed to expand the city. To protect its citizens, the Army Corp of Engineers built a series of levees around the city. These levees form a bowl around the city. It is precisely this architecture that was meant to protect the city will in effect destroy the city.

The Style of Writing :: Writing Styles Style Essays

The Style of Writing According to the Webster’s New World Dictionary, the definition of style is â€Å"a characteristic manner of expression†(612). Usually words such as personal, individual, and unique also come to mind when we think of writing style. I have always associated writing style with belonging uniquely to one individual, meaning that everyone had his or her own style. After reading, â€Å"Style Toward Clarity and Grace† by Joseph Williams and â€Å"The Elements of Style† by William Strunk and E.B. White, I realized that style is not as unique as I thought. In fact, as I stated in my blog space, â€Å"writing has certain rules and elements that must be incorporated in to our writing in order to make our points clear to those we want to read it. Since these elements and rules are common to all writing, then style and good writing bring forth new meanings.† Strunk and White start their style guide off by reminding us of the rules of word order and punctuation. Rules that include: â€Å"Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas† and â€Å"The number of the subject determines the number of the verb†(2,9). These rules are not optional if you want others to understand what you are writing and your purpose for writing it. Making sure your readers understand your writing is the basic principle behind Williams’ book. He takes the rules, offered by Strunk and White, and adds detailed explanations of when and how. He shows us how to incorporate this knowledge into clear and effective writing. Being clear and assuring that our readers understand the message we are trying to convey, needs to be our primary goal if we are to be considered good writers. From reading both of these style-books, I have learned that good writing, excluding creative writing, uses a more purposeful approach than a personal one. Williams supplies us with clear and simple rules, which he calls suggestions, which explain that good writing must have a purpose. Good writing is only considered this if our intended readers understand the message that we are trying to convey in our writing. This has nothing to do with personal choice or personal expression because if you chose to leave out such rules then your audience will be unable to understand your writing.

Historical Perspectives on Curriculum Development Essay

The development of curriculum in history is basically founded on five outstanding motives: : The development of curriculum in history is basically founded on five outstanding motives: The religious The political The utilitarian The mass education motive The traditional versus modern dimension of the curriculum : Traditional Schools : Traditional Schools Traditional Schools defined curriculum as a group of subjects arranged in a certain sequences peculiar to the subject filed for the purpose of instruction. Unique needs and interests have been placed second to the â€Å"common needs of all† Modern Dimension of Curriculum : Modern Dimension of Curriculum Modern Dimension of curriculum consists of all experiences for learning which are planned and organized by the school. It is composed of the actual experiences and activities of learners inside or outside the classroom under the guidance of the teacher and or which the school accepts responsibility. Definitions of Curriculum : Definitions of Curriculum Some authors define curriculum as â€Å"the total effort of the school to bring about desired out-comes in school and out-of school situations† or â€Å"a sequence of potential experiences set up in school for the purpose of disciplining children and youth in group ways of thinking and acting†. Curriculum Planning : Curriculum Planning Curriculum plan is the advance arrangement of learning opportunities for a particular population of learners. Curriculum guide is a written curriculum Curriculum planning is the process whereby the  arrangement of curriculum plans or learning opportunities are created. Curriculum Planning : Curriculum Planning Curriculum planning It is the process of preparing for the duties of teaching, deciding upon goals and emphases, determining curriculum content, selecting learning resources and classroom procedures, evaluating progress, and looking toward steps. Curriculum Development : Curriculum Development It is defined as the process of selecting, organizing, executing, and evaluating learning experiences on the basis of the needs, abilities, and interests of learners and nature of the society or community. Curriculum Laboratory : Curriculum Laboratory Curriculum Laboratory is a place or workshop where curriculum materials are gathered or used by teachers or learners of curriculum. Curriculum Laboratory : Curriculum Laboratory Resource Unit is a collection or suggested learning activities and materials organized around a given topic or area which a teacher might utilized in planning, developing, and evaluating a learning unit. Curriculum Laboratory : Curriculum Laboratory Parts of Resource Unit Introduction or short explanation of the importance of the topic; Objective or anticipated outcomes; Content of the unit: Unit activities; Evaluation; and Bibliography Course of the study : Course of the study It is an official guide prepared for use by the administrators, supervisors, and teachers of a particular school system as an aid to teaching a given subject or areas of study for a given level or grade, combinations of grades or other designated class or group of learners. Course of the study : Course of the study It is usually includes the following: Aims of the course; the expected outcomes; the scope and nature of materials to be studied; Suitable instructional aids; Course of the study : Course of the study Textbooks; Supplementary activities; Teaching methods; and Techniques of evaluation of achievements. Two schools of thought predominated throughout the history of curriculum development; : Two schools of thought predominated throughout the history of curriculum development; The essentialist school The progressive school The essentialist school : The essentialist school It considers the curriculum as something rigid consisting of discipline subjects. It considers all learners as much as the same and it aims to fit the learner into the existing social order and thereby maintain the status quo., Its major motivation is discipline and considers freedom as an outcome and not means of education. The essentialist school : The essentialist school Its approach is authoritative and the teacher’s role is to assign lessons and recite recitations. It is book-centered and the methods recommended are memory work, mastery of facts and skills, and development of abstract intelligence. It has no interest in social action and life activities. Its measurement of outcomes is standard tests based on subject matter mastery The progressive school : The progressive school It conceives of the curriculum as something flexible based on areas of interest. It is learner-centered, having in mind that no two persons are alike. Its factor of motivation is individual achievement believing that persons are naturally good. The role of the teacher is to stimulate direct learning process. The progressive school : The progressive school It uses a life experience approach to fit the student for future social action. Constant revision of aims and experimental techniques of learning and teaching are imperative in curriculum development in order to create independent thinking, initiative, self-reliance, individuality, self-expression and activity in the learner. Its measurements outcome is now devices taking into consideration subject matter and personality values. Slide 21: Curriculum Development in the Philippines The Pre-Spanish Curriculum : The Pre-Spanish Curriculum The Filipinos possessed a culture of their own. They had contacts with other foreign peoples from Arabia, India, China, Indo-China and Borneo. The Pre-Spanish Curriculum : The Pre-Spanish Curriculum â€Å"The inhabitants were a civilized people, possessing their systems of writing, laws and moral standards in a well-organized system of government. As shown in the rule of the barangay, their code of laws-the Code of Kalantiao and Maragtas-their belief in the Bathala, and the solidarity of the family were obedience and respect had been practiced. The Spanish-devised Curriculum : The Spanish-devised Curriculum The Spanish missionaries aim to control of the Filipinos, body and soul. The curriculum then consisted of the three R’s- reading, writing and religion to attain goals were the acceptance of Catholicism and the acceptance of Spanish rule. The schools were parochial or convent schools. The main reading materials were the cartilla, the caton and the catecismo. The method of instructions was mainly individual memorization. The Curriculum During the Commonwealth : The Curriculum During the Commonwealth The period of the Commonwealth (1935-1946) may be considered as the period of expansion and reform in the Philippine curriculum. The educational leaders expanded the curriculum by introducing course in farming, domestic science, etc. Commonwealth Act 586, also known as Educational Act of 1940, reorganized the elementary school system. This measured ushered the beginning of the decline of the efficiency of elementary education The Japanese-devised Curriculum : The Japanese-devised Curriculum They devised the curriculum for the Filipino to suit their vested interest. They introduced many changes in the curriculum by including Nippongo and abolishing English as a medium of instruction and as a subject. All textbooks were censored and revised. It causes a blackout in Philippines education and impeded the educational progress of the Filipinos The Liberation Period : The Liberation Period In 1945, during the liberation period, steps were taken to improve the curriculum existing before the war. Some steps taken were to restore Grade VII, to abolish the double-single session and most especially, to adopt the modern trends in education taken from the United States. The school curriculum remained basically the same as before and was still subject-centered. The Curriculum During the Philippine Republic : The Curriculum During the Philippine Republic Great experiments in the community school idea and the use vernacular in the first two grades of the primary schools as the medium of instruction were some of them. An experiment worth mentioning that led to a change in the Philippine educational philosophy was that of school and community collaboration pioneered by Jose V. Aguilar. The Curriculum During the Philippine Republic : The Curriculum During the Philippine Republic It is a source of gratification also to note that our schools are increasingly using instructional materials  that are Philippine-oriented. This policy been formulated by our educational leaders, the most recent example of which being Department Memorandum No. 30, 1966. The Curriculum During the Philippine Republic : The Curriculum During the Philippine Republic This particular memorandum sets the order of priority in the purchase of books for use in our schools as follows: a. Books which are contributions to Philippine Literature. b. Books on character education and other library materials. c. Library equipment and permanent features. Community in The New Society : Community in The New Society â€Å"To guarantee that the educational system would be relevant and responsive to the challenges and requirements of national, provincial and local development.† President Ferdinand Marcos pursuant to Proclamation No. 1081 issued last Sept. 29, 1972, Decree No. 6 known as the Educational Development Decree of 1972, to take effect immediately. Community in The New Society : Community in The New Society To advance its objectives, the Educational Development Decree has formulated a ten-year program based on a number of principle, among them: improvement of curricular programs and quality of instruction at all levels by upgrading physical facilities; adopting cost-saving instructional technology and training and retaining of teachers and administrators; upgrading of academic standards through accreditation schemes, admissions testing and guidance counseling; and democratization of access to education by financial assistance to poor but deserving students, skills training programs for out of school youth and a continuing educational program for illiterate adults. Community in The New Society : Community in The New Society The emphasis of the New Society is on moral values, relevance, proper methods of teaching, retraining of teachers, vocational and technical education, bilingualism, national consciousness and cultural values. Community in The New Society : Community in The New Society The curricular redirection of the New Society: 1. Should be redirected on development of moral virtues 2. As a means of integrating education and life 3. Should reflect the urgent need and problems facing the country today 4. Should be viewed in terms of learning to be acquired 5. All teaching shall seek to develop comprehensive under- standing of all subjects 6. Co-curricular youth programs shall be restructured and enriched 7. Non-formal education shall be recognized

Apple †Strategic Management Essay

Apple designs Macs, the best personal computers in the world, along with OS X, iLife, iWork and professional software. Apple leads the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online store. Apple has reinvented the mobile phone with its revolutionary iPhone and App Store, and is defining the future of mobile media and computing devices with iPad. Vision Statement Apple ignited the personal computer revolution in the 1970s with the Apple II and reinvented the personal computer in the 19805 with the Macintosh. Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals, and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software, and Internet offerings. â€Å"Man is the creator of change in this world. As such he should be above systems and structures, and not subordinate to them.† Mission Statement Apple Computer is committed to protecting the environment, health and safety of our employees, customers and the global communities ‘where we operate. We recognize that by integrating sound environmental, health and safety management practices into all aspects of our business, we can offer technologically innovative products and services while conserving and enhancing resources for future generations. Apple strives for continuous improvement in our environmental, health and safety management systems and in the environmental quality of our products, processes and services. Objective The Company is committed to bringing the best user experience to its customers through its innovative hardware, software, peripherals, and services. The Company’s business strategy leverages its unique ability to design and develop its own operating systems, hardware, application software, and services to provide its customers new products and solutions with superior ease-of-use, seamless integration, and innovative design COMPETITION When it comes to Apple‘s competitors I believe ther e is no one. The innovation,development and the trendsetting technique that Apple has introduced in electronics worldcannot be matched with any of other companies. If you do not agree with me I would suggest you to search for Apple‘s competitors on Google or anywhere else but you will hardly find any original Apple‘s competitor. According to Tim Bajarin, Apple‘s competition is coming from the likes of Amazon, Google, Real Networks, and to some degree, Sony, because of their strong investment in content. But I do not agree with his viewpoint. Products like iPad,iPhone, iPod and services like iTunes and Apple stores have no competition at all and most importantly Apple is not a company that satisfies customer needs but it manufactures those products that become customers need

Why Tuberculosis is a Public Health issue

This essay will undertake chiefly about the wellness topic that was assigned to the writer s group which is Tuberculosis, this so accounts for the mortality of several million people each twelvemonth chiefly, in the 3rd universe states. Health appraisal and background Introduction M. TB has been a plague for the human race for centuries. There is grounds to propose that it has perchance been endemic since at least 10, 000 BC. ( Suarez et al. , 2001 ) . At the present twenty-four hours, it is a disease which is increasing on a planetary graduated table ( WHO 2006 ) . Prevalence The WHO has been cardinal in the coordination of a figure of strategies which are targeted at guaranting that quality-assured TB programmes are rolled out in countries which are perceived to be at greatest demand ( WHO 2006 ) . These enterprises have resulted in a state of affairs globally, where 53 % of all people who are diagnosed with extremely morbific TB received intervention in conformity with the internationally recommended TB control scheme in 2004. This compares with 10 % in 1995 as an exemplifying illustration. The WHO reports that 84 % of this group were treated successfully ( WHO 2006 ) . The push of this determination is that, despite the fact that the incidence of TB in the United Kingdom is relatively low, easiness of modern travel allows exposure of the United Kingdom population to some populations where the incidence is well higher ( Scriven & A ; Garman, 2005 ) . The bulk of long term migrators, and many visitants travel from the states where there is a high incidence of active TB ( & gt ; 40 per 100,000 ) and enter states where the incidence is relatively low ( & lt ; 25 per 100,000 ) ( Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society, 2005 ) . To set this in position, the incidence of active TB in the native UK population is in the part of 4.4 per 100,000, and this contrasts with 121 210 per 100,000 in certain nonnative populations. The increased hazard of infectivity of foreign born subjects has been demonstrated to go on for up to 20 old ages after migration ( Baudette & A ; Ellis, 2004 ) . It clearly follows that, in low incidence states such as the UK, the nonnative population are responsible for the bulk of new instances of active TB. Studies put the existent incidence between 35 – 70 % of all new instances. ( Euro TB 2007 ) . Current showing and control steps In Western Europe, and North America, presently more than half of all new active TB instances diagnosed occur among nonnative recent migrators. ( Borgdorff, Nagelkerke, new wave Soolingen, de Haas, Veen & A ; van Embden 2008 ) Despite the high proportion of active instances now being found in usually low-incidence states which are attributable to nonnative occupants, the impact on the public wellness is comparatively low. A figure of recent surveies ( viz. ITA 2005 ) have demonstrated that the current thorax radiogram testing programmes in topographic point in the UK have small impact and are non cost-efficient. Screening of immigrants with sputum civilization has been demonstrated to better cost-effectiveness marginally. The intervention of latent infection which can be detected through testing with either tuberculin tegument proving or chest radiogram may necessitate the infliction of coercive steps for the mark populations to maximize impact and cost-effectiveness. ( Dahle, Sandve n, Heldal & A ; Caugant 2003 ) Some governments ( viz. Vernon 2010 ) nevertheless, suggest that, in contrast, contact tracing, peculiarly within cultural communities, appears to be more cost-effective and less intrusive. Taken in overview, in low-incidence states such as the United Kingdom, showing of immigrants at the point of entry appears to hold small overall impact and does non look to be a really cost-efficient TB control scheme. More effectual options have been suggested and these include contact following which is delivered through the primary attention substructure and, on a planetary graduated table, increased investing in planetary TB control ( Davies & A ; Macdowall 2006 ) . Rationale and mark group There are a immense figure of possible wellness promotion-related activities in this context. It is clearly beyond the range of a short reappraisal to see more than one facet in any grade of item. This reappraisal will therefore curtail its consideration to wellness publicity mechanisms which can be used to observe, hint and dainty immigrants to the United Kingdom from high TB incidence states. Evaluation of such steps can be from a figure of positions, in the current economic clime of the NHS, which is basically a rationed service, an appropriate appraising tool would be cost-effectiveness. ( Pender, Murdaugh & A ; Parsons 2002 ) . Clearly there are other positions, including acceptableness to the immigrant population ( which may be reflected in issues of conformity ) or the existent impact of a relatively little figure of instances of active TB in the community which could be dealt with by trust on the natural herd unsusceptibility of the population and contact tracing as suggested by Ewles ( Ewles 2005 ) The importance of such wellness publicity activities can be gauged from the fact that the bulk of new instances of TB amongst the immigrant population are attributed to a reactivation of a antecedently latent infection. This is most likely to happen within the 2 – 5 year following migration. ( 10 Asbroek, Borgdorff, Nagelkerke, et al. , 2006 ) . Molecular epidemiological surveies have besides shown that a little proportion of new instances can be acquired after migration, with the Chin survey proposing that this would be in the part of 20 – 30 % ( Chin, De Riemer & A ; Small 2006 ) . In the UK it has been demonstrated that the kids of nonnative occupants have higher degrees of active TB than the general population and this incidence is increased if regular visits are made to their state of beginning. ( Ormerod, Green & A ; Gray 2001 ) Policies: In the UK, specific consideration of the in-migration policy shows that the demand for testing is non cosmopolitan. Immigrants who are meaning to remain longer than 6 months either have to be screened for TB ( and some other complaints ) before come ining the UK or to be screened on reaching. Those who do non be after to remain more than 6 months or are merely tourers are non capable to showing, even those who are coming from a high hazard states. It is considered that it is impractical to test all in these classs and the primary wellness attention installations are expected to pick up sporadic instances opportunistically as they present in the population. If this is contrasted with the wellness publicity policy in the Philippines, one can observe that the scheme in the Phillipines has changed well in the last decennary. It has been noted that the incidence of drug-resistant TB is at its greatest in those with HIV, the urban hapless and the prison populations. The decrease in prevalence is greatest in these groups and the Government has reported that it has achieved a 34 % decrease in notified instances in the last decennary. The National Stop TB Partnership was introduced in 1994 and increasingly expanded. It combined with the National Interagency Coordination Strategy for TB in 2003. In bend, this was superseded with the National Strategic Plan in 2006 which has aimed to cut down the incidence of TB. It would look that the steps to test for TB in immigrants to the Philippines are limited with no demand for short term travelers to be screened. Consideration of the broad image of TB control in the Philippines suggests that the state has been fighting with the issue for many old ages. This has been hampered by considerable economic demands on authorities installations from other need-areas against an increasing incidence of HIV/AIDS, which is a major predisposing factor for the development of TB in this peculiar hazard group. Funding for TB control comes non merely from Philippine national resources but besides from international resources such as the Global Fund On a planetary graduated table the steps reported, and mostly instigated by the WHO, showed that the incidence of planetary TB peaked in 2004 and that the end of cut downing the 1990 mortality rate by half by 2015 appears to be on path, chiefly through the coordination of the DOTS programme. In specific consideration of footings of Health Promotion activity, testing for a peculiar disease is by and large considered justified if, in the frequently quoted analysis of Sackett et al. , the disease is comparatively common and treatable. The ideal screening trial should be cheap, easy to administrate, do no uncomfortableness to the patient, and offer both high sensitiveness and specificity. ( Sackett, Haynes & A ; Tugwell 1985 Pg 21 ) . Why Tuberculosis is a Public Health issue: Tuberculosis is said to be a high hazard catching type of disease that could endanger the wellness of the public one time this has non been traced, treated, and isolated. This, holding said can be fatal but most decidedly curable. It can be transmitted through a simple sneezing or cough by person who has been infected by this disease, the bacteriums can so be spread through the air and anyone nearby who can inhale it can acquire infected. The bacteriums normally dwell in the lungs, where it normally grows. It might remain and the organic structure s natural defence might discontinue the bacteriums from turning and become hibernating but one time the organic structure s immune system is at below par, this is where the danger sinks in ( WHO, 2007 ) . The manner of transmittal is undeniably effortless and giving therefore should be considered a menace to every person most particularly to the vulnerable groups ( the elderly, the babies, the pregnant adult females and those whose immune s ystem is depressed ) . Bradshaw s demands If one considers the wellness publicity issues from a theoretical point of view, one can observe that Bradshaw attempted to specify demands. Taking a social position Bradshaw categorised demands as normative ( distinguished by professionals, such as inoculation ) , felt ( wants, wants and desires ) , expressed ( vocalised demands or how people use services ) and comparative demands, which indicates that needs originating in one location may be similar for people with similar socio-demographic features populating in another location ( Bradshaw 1972 Pg 22 ) . This probe will be normative in this context as it will chiefly see the issue from the population needs as defined by health care professionals. ( Downie, Tannahill & A ; Tannahill 2002 ) . Need for testing Further accent for the demand for good wellness publicity activities comes from consideration of the economic effects of TB infection. In the USA ( where it is easier to quantify health-related disbursement ) the entire one-year outgo on TB was in surplus of $ 700 million even a few old ages ago. It is believed that a similar figure ( proportionate to the population ) is incurred in the UK. ( Brown, Miller & A ; Taylor 2005 ) Methodology The methodological analysis for this reappraisal has been to analyze and critically analyze the peer-reviewed literature on the topic and to deduce decisions from the grounds base thereby established Analysis of the activity Screening processs Screening programmes in the UK historically ( after WWII ) consisted of compulsory CXRs for all new immigrants. As the incidence of TB in the general population diminished, the cosmopolitan CXR was finally abandoned. It was besides the instance that it was discovered that the impact on the public wellness, in footings of a decrease of sputum-positive instances, overall morbidity or mortality, was negligible. ( Toman 1999 ) . The current policy in the UK is for immigrants to undergo CXR on reaching and so are later referred to the wellness authorization where they will later shack. Value of CXR The trouble here is that merely a really little proportion of immigrants who are screened with CXR are found to hold antecedently undiagnosed active pneumonic TB. Even from the high-incidence states it is & lt ; 1 % ( Blum, Polish, Tapy, Catlin & A ; Cohn 2003 ) . Paradoxically, it has been shown that the prevalence of instances of latent infection which are associated with CXR abnormalcies ( that is inactive TB and/or apical fibronodular disease ) is instead higher with Comstock et al. seting it at 3 – 5 % ( Comstock, Edwards & A ; , Livesay 2004 ) . From the public wellness point of view, one has to see that it is rather possible to hold latent TB infection with no CXR abnormalcies at all and between 35 – 42 % of instances fall into this class. ( Nolan & A ; Elarth 2005 ) Combination testing A more common and rational attack utilises a CXR to observe active tubercular disease and the tuberculin skin trial ( TST ) to observe any grade of latent infection. This method nevertheless, has non significantly reduced the incidence of TB in the community and hence one has top consider other methods of sensing such as phlegm civilizations, acid-fast staining and nucleic elaboration trials which are presently available. A figure of sero-assays and trials of cell-mediated unsusceptibility are being developed but should be considered under development at the present clip in this context. ( Wright, Walley, Philip, Petros & A ; Ford 2010 ) If one considers the wellness publicity deductions of showing of immigrants so one has to see the comparative virtues of each of these activities. It is normal pattern in the literature to compare each process to the gilded criterion of a positive phlegm civilization. As has already been outlined, the CXR has a low positive predictive value and this is found to be even lower in instances of HIV/AIDS infection. Schoch et Al. hold pointed out that the huge bulk of positive CXRs are really false positive consequences. ( Schoch, Rieder, Tueller, Altpeter, Zellweger, Rieder, Krause & A ; Turnheer 2007 ) Although sputum civilization is frequently referred to as the gilded criterion for diagnostic truth, one should observe that a individual civilization is no more sensitive than a CXR. It appears to be by and large accepted that a microbiological civilization of three to six phlegm samples is needed to be extremely sensitive for active pneumonic TB. The specificity of a TB civilization is really high and there are really few false positives and these by and large occur as a consequence of cross-contamination during research lab handling. ( Bothamley, Ditiu, Migliori & A ; Lange 2008 ) Some Centres presently use acid-fast staining as a mechanism to increase the effectual choice up rate. This proves to be more specific but less sensitive than a CXR. ( Bothamley, et Al. 2008 Smart analysis If one considers this wellness publicity attack from the position of a SMART analysis. It is surely specific as it is designed to aim TB instances from abroad. It is manageable to a grade as, within the targeted population, it is manageable by the presently bing health care mechanisms, either by direct showing of some of those persons perceived to be at hazard, or reach following if the initial showing is neither done or has a false negative result.. It is provably accomplishable as it is already in topographic point, there is a bigger inquiry as to whether cosmopolitan showing of all reachings in the UK is accomplishable and the current policy is dictated on the premise that it is non. ( Lalvani & A ; Pareek 2010 ) Relevance to the general Public Health is clear, as steps to curtail the spread of TB through the general population, peculiarly the drug immune strains, are clearly relevant. Time relation is more hard to measure as the policy is different for different immigrant groups. Those going on a short term clip graduated table ( less than six months ) are merely non screened. Some immigrants ( non all ) geting with the purpose of remaining longer than six months are screened. It would look that, in footings of clip consideration, some are screened prior to arrival and others after reaching in the UK so there is non a clearly defined reply to this inquiry. If considered from a strengths and failing point of view. The strengths are that the policy tends to aim long term immigrants, peculiarly from high hazard countries, which are the population group that are most likely to present a hazard to the general population. Clearly, holding identified those with active or latent TB, the mechanisms are available and active within the UK to adequately handle those who are identified and besides to reach hint and dainty any instances which may hold arisen through community contact with an identified septic person. The failings are that the current United kingdom policy allows in short term visitants, who may good be infected, unscreened, and relies on mechanisms of contact tracing and timeserving clinical intercession for new instances which arise periodically in the population. The short term ends for this current scheme appears to be to place those persons, chiefly from high hazard communities, who wish to shack long term in the UK and to either garbage admittance or to guarantee that they are on appropriate intervention prior to admittance to the UK. The longer term ends appear to be to cut down the exposure of the general UK population to instances of active and perchance drug-resistant TB from the immigrant population. This attack seems to be appropriate for the wellness publicity job which confronts the UK. It clearly is non perfect, as there is the possible for instances of TB to come into the state without any grade of medical showing, if they intend to be in the UK for less than six months. Although the official line is that TB requires prolonged contact in order to be a wellness hazard to another person, this is non purely true as there is no reputable grounds base to propose that contact has to be a lower limit of six months for transportation of TB between persons. ( Mack, Migliori, Sester, Reider, Ehklers & A ; Goletti et Al. 2009 ) Evaluation Cost effectivity When Dasgupta et Al. studied the comparative cost-effectiveness of these assorted mechanisms for sensing of TB they found that the costs of testing utilizing a sputum civilization method were really higher per capita, the cost per instance of active TB found would be lower when compared to CXR. This is besides reflected in the other methods which, although their costs may really be lower in footings of showing costs, because of their decreased specificity, the overall costs would be much higher. From a Health Promotion point of view nevertheless, this is non the whole narrative as the cost of testing is non overriding. This is because testing carried out with a trial with greater specificity, such as sputum civilization, would necessarily ensue in fewer false-positive trials. In bend, this would ensue in lower costs for the clinical probe of persons who had false-positive trials. The importance of this remark is that the 2nd phase of a medical probe is more expensive than all screening trials. ( Dasgupta & A ; Menzies 2005 ) Latent disease sensing Although the obvious impact of wellness publicity would be directed at the sensing and appropriate intervention of active TB. If one is sing the immigrant population of the UK, so latent signifiers of the disease processes are merely every bit of import to observe. As has already been discussed, phlegm trials are of no value and CXRs are of merely minimum value in this status. The TST is a trial which depends on the development of cell-mediated immune responses which merely occurs at some clip after exposure to the TB being. It is carried out by injection and is demonstrated to be positive with the development of skin sclerosis within 48 – 72 hours. Although this trial is considered to be the most effectual for the sensing of latent infection, in the presence of active infection between 10 47 % of patients will hold a falsely negative trial. ( Erkens, Slump, Kamphorst, Keizer, new wave Gerven, Bwire, Berkel & A ; Borgdorff 2008 ) Health publicity benefits Health publicity considerations suggest that, in the USA at least, the TST trial is given to all immigrants who have come from a state of high TB incidence. The presence of latent infection amongst immigrants to the UK is presently about 30 75 % depending on state of beginning. A positive trial is normally followed up with a class of INH which will cut down the hazard of farther spread through the population. It should be noted that false positive consequences can happen with a past history of BCG inoculation every bit good as exposure to non-tuberculous mycobacterium, both contingencies being common among appliers from developing states. In a unusually elaborate survey, once more carried out in the USA ( chiefly for grounds of finding costs ) Saraiya et Al. calculated the cost-effectiveness of a Health Promotion enterprise which offered TNT testing to all new immigrants to the state. The inside informations of the survey are highly complex but, in kernel, the writers found that, in the twelvemonth 2002, without TST showing, 13,933 instances of active TB instances could be predicted, but, if a TNT showing programme together with isoniazid intervention was instituted, so 4,342 instances would be expected. The computations suggested that the net cost to the state without TST testing would be estimated at $ 338 million, and this compares to the cost with TST testing in the part of $ 258 million. ( Saraiya, Cookson & A ; Tribble et Al. 2002 ) . These costings, although taking into history a immense figure of factors, do hold some defects such as there is no accounting of the set up costs of such a Health Promotion programme. The writers translated these figures into a net economy of $ 8,320 per instance of TB prevented. Any wellness publicity strategy has besides to take note of the fact that this is non an ideal universe which can be absolutely mathematically modelled and the Saraiya et Al. survey did non do allowances for factors such as any immigrant refusing to undergo TST proving or failure of those who did prove positive with TST to describe for subsequent medical rating. There is besides the possibility that the immigrants my garbage to get down the therapy if it is deemed to be appropriate. ( Naidoo & A ; Wills 2005 ) Conformity Unfortunately such factors are non merely theoretical, they appear to interpret into pattern with surveies such as Cain et Al. showing that jobs such as these were responsible for a really significant decrease in the overall effectivity of the Health Promotion programme, as merely between 11 30 % of immigrants who had a positive TST trial were found to hold successfully completed an appropriate class of antimycobacterial therapy. ( Cain, Haley, Armstrong, Garman, Wells, Iademarco, Castro & A ; Laserson 2007 ) . From a clinical point of view there is a farther complication nevertheless, and that appears to be that there is a sub-group of persons with latent TB who have unnatural CXRs and who are at an increased hazard of reactivation. Cain et Al. point out that hence CXR followed by TST showing may be a more effectual Health Promotion scheme and may be more cost effectual if it consequences in the eventual intervention of fewer immigrants who have latent infection, but who are at a greater hazard of reactivation. This protocol was investigated by Shwartzmann et Al. and, utilizing a Markov theoretical account, the writers attempted to work out the costings involved. Although the methodological analysis was non every bit rigorous as that employed by Saraiya et al. , they were able to reason that, in those immigrants who had latent tubercular disease with abnormalcies found on the CXR, a important figure could be targeted and prevented from reactivation. ( Schwartz adult male & A ; Menzies 2004 ) . Education and conformity In the context of patient instruction, one can observe that this survey besides found that of the 353 patients who constituted the entry cohort, merely 145 really completed the preventive therapy class. It is non clear from the survey whether this group merely was lost to follow up or the health care professionals merely did non acquire over the message of the importance of taking the medicine, which may look counterintuitive to an immigrant who really has no obvious symptoms. Hazard issues If these wellness publicity steps were translated into the likely scenario of an immigrant coming to the UK from a high TB prevalence state, so Kik et Al. suggest that if the premise is made that the prevalence of latent TB was 50 % of all TB instances, so merely supplying CXR would be probably to forestall 1.2 active instances per 1,000 immigrants screened and the usage of the TST trial would be probably to forestall 2.9 instances per 1,000 immigrants screened. ( Kik, Franken, Mensen, Coblens, Kamphorst, Arend & A ; Erkens 2010 ) . The TST government would be more expensive, non least because it would be expected to place a larger figure of low-risk persons every bit good as the group of as false-positive reactors who would all hence be considered campaigners for chemoprophylaxis. Contact following as wellness publicity activity Although this reappraisal has considered the wellness publicity effects of testing at immigrant entry to the UK, there is besides the mechanism of contact following which, a figure of surveies ( viz. Hardy, Varma, Collyns, Moffitt, Mullarkey & A ; Watson 2010 ) have concluded, is besides a cost-efficient manner of restricting TB spread. The set up of the primary wellness attention construction in the UK is suited for such steps as community based contact following squads can be geographically positioned. Some of the early surveies ( viz Omerod 1993 ) estimated that 1 % of all immigrant contacts had active TB at the clip of the initial showing process and, at least at the clip of the survey, 10 % of all active TB instances which were later treated were identified entirely through the mechanism of following the contacts of those who were found to be positive. Such a mechanism is besides cost-efficient with Grzybowski et Al. showing that, in an entry cohort of 244 immigrants, 103 contac ts were traced and 6 were found to hold active disease. ( Grzybowski, Fishaut, Rowe & A ; Brown 2001 ) . The writers besides found that, because of the personal intercession of the health care professionals, there was a high conformity and intervention completion rate amongst this group. The big Underwood et Al. survey, which was completed in the UK, in a badly economically deprived country with chiefly Bangladeshi immigrants, went farther and demonstrated that contact following really proved to be more efficient than testing of new entrants at the point of entry. Using contact following entirely, the writers found 13 instances of active TB from contacts of 322 new immigrants. ( Underwood, White, Baker, Law & A ; Moore-Gillon 2003 ) Decisions In decision, it is clear that wellness publicity requires designation of those immigrants who have active or latent TB and who arrive in the UK in appreciable Numberss. It is clear that there is no 1 showing technique which will adequately cover with all contingencies. Assessment and rating of the assorted techniques described demonstrate that each has peculiar strengths and failings. A considered combination of CXR and TST together with appropriate contact following appears to offer the most effectual mechanism for aiming intervention for those in demand and to understate the likeliness of farther disease transmittal. It is clearly problematic whether a showing programme which considers all immigrants ( peculiarly those from high hazard states ) is either executable of economically practical or whether the combination attack outlined above is a matter-of-fact via media which keeps the bulk of the active instances out of the UK with maximal cost effectivity